A World Without Computer

I have once accepted that the world would not change much in light of the fact that I’m not inspired by PCs by any means, yet it ended up being a remarkable inverse. At the point when I rose promptly toward the beginning of the day, I found the sun despite everything sparkling in the sky, the roads were as yet blocked with vehicles. â€Å" Oh, I have said that, nothing will occur! † I mumbled to myself. On my way to my school, everything was going all together. â€Å"Ha!It,s particular that there are still many individuals living on PCs while I can't discover the change they have brought to the general public, you don't see anything, changed at all!† A couple of moments later, I showed up at the school free from any potential harm. Oh!†I was shocked by the new utensil in my natural study hall when I brought the primary clear into the homeroom. Where the large PC in our homeroom ought to have been is currently placed another chalkboard in. What's more, the educator ventured into the study hall with a thick heap of books rather than a PC. â€Å"Oh, yes. †I started to understand that the PCs have vanished in our life. At 12 o,clock, when I completed my lunch ,I strolled into the library as normal to go to interpret the English book with a PC . Amazingly, I found a few understudies looking into certain words from the word reference . They were perched on wooden seats in the room where PCs used to be put in. â€Å"God!†I uttered,â€Å" I will come to know it soon. † After going through the entire computerless day in the school, I returned home with the sentiment of something’s lose. I was not astounded to see the unfilled table where the PC had been putting for such a long time a period . at the point when I went into my room, unexpectedly I understood that I should turn in some paper about the physic tests. Before long, I was in a terrifying mass. For heaps of books were put before me, and I was buring my head into the paper. I was obliged to check it up all the books I had. Since I couldn’t click the mouse and peruse through the ?any more. At last, I figured out how to complete the papers and lay in the delicate couch. â€Å"Oh,I felt that I can't remain alive without a PC ,Hope that it will show up tomorrow. †I was worn out to such an extent that I rapidly nod off. I longed for different sorts of PCs. Gracious, a world without PCs is awful!

Having a child with a disability Essay -- essays research papers

At the point when Andy was conceived I was the most joyful lady on Earth. At the point when I saw his delightful face and his little body I cried, I will always remember that second. We remained in the emergency clinic for three days. That first night once again from the clinic Andy didn’t do anything other than cry throughout the night. I didn't have the foggiest idea what to do, this was my first youngster, and I didn’t realize how to quiet him down. I called the Doctor and he disclosed to me this was the typical conduct for an originally conceived youngster, and he simply expected to conform to the new condition. I would give Andy his milk, change his diaper, hold him, sing to him, yet nothing would stop Andy’s crying. We didn’t much rest. That week my better half needed to work so I needed to manage Andy without anyone else, which was baffling. At last after about seven days Andy surrendered a few. His father couldn’t even draw near to him since he would begin crying once more, since Andy couldn’t be held or taken care of by anybody yet me. I needed to go through each moment of the day with him to the point that I needed to place a bedding in his room so I could get some rest. I rested in his space for an entire year. There weren’t a great deal of changes in Andy’s conduct during that year. The Doctor didn’t comprehend what wasn't right with him, and I didn’t recognize what I would do. Dealing with Andy was an all day work for me. Since the time Andy was brought into the world my entire way of life changed. My better half, Jack, began working extended periods since he didn’t need to remain at home and manage Andy. I couldn’t go out without anyone else or with my companions any longer. I needed to take Andy with me wherever I went. Fundamentally, I didn’t have a public activity any longer. My relationship with my significant other was likewise going down the channel since we never hung out. My entire life was a major chaos at that Cabarcas 2 point, yet at whatever point I saw Andy’s face he made my heart grin. Andy was a year old and he didn’t talk a lot of I got stressed, however the Doctor instructed me to hold up a couple of more months in light of the fact that boy’s take somewhat longer than young ladies to begin talking, so I did. In spite of all the dissatisfaction and despondency I generally indicated Andy a ton of adoration. My significant other likewise understood that he was being childish by leaving all the obligation to me. He volunteered to deal with Andy so he could draw nearer to him. Andy was extremely forceful some of the time and at whatever point his father attempted to contact him, he would escape from his father and start run... ...ee and a half years. Sooner rather than later I need Andy to go to a specific school for where he could learned more that what he as of now as of recently. THE END I picked this inability since I have a companion who has a medically introverted youngster and I keep an eye on her occasionally. This kid is an awesome youngster I child sit him and his sister and the are so charming together I truly love these children. I don’t charge their mother any cash to deal with them; I simply prefer to invest energy with them. Al l this child likes is to head outside and play, and when he’s tired he just comes to me, grasps my hand and gives me what he needs. He is gabbing all the more since what he did a year back. He is a youngster that I respect since he has come so far and has defeated numerous hindrances. I truly enjoyed composing this Cabarcas 5 paper since I never put my self in that circumstance and it isn’t simple at all to manage a cripple youngster regularly of your life. That is a test that I don’t know whether I’m prepared to take. I was reluctant to compose this paper toward the start since I was worried about the possibility that this could transpire, yet I leave everything in the hands of God. I state this in light of the fact that I’m pregnant now and anything could occur.

Group Homes for Troubled Teens

Group Homes for Troubled Teens Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Group Homes for Troubled Teens By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on September 25, 2019 Steve Debenport/E/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology No parent ever wants to imagine having to place their child in a group home. But sometimes, a residential setting is the best place for a troubled teen who needs intensive help. Group homes provide therapy, 24-hour supervision and support to troubled teens in a home-like setting. Unlike large residential treatment facilities or psychiatric hospitals, group homes serve a small number of teens. They reside in a family-like setting with trained staff. Whether a teen is struggling with mental health issues like an eating disorder, substance abuse problems, or self-harm issues, a group home can provide a structured, therapeutic environment in which teens receive assistance in making emotional and behavioral changes. Group homes can also provide a transition from a higher level of residential care. After a short stay in a psychiatric hospital, or after being released from a juvenile detention facility, a teen may be moved to a group home to continue working on their goals. Usually, a teens goal is to eventually return home. The length of stay in a group home may vary between a month and several months (or perhaps even years). What You Need to Know About Group Homes for Teens The daily schedule for group home residents is structured to include active participation in therapy, school and learning activities. Clear rules and consequences are enforced by staff to create a safe environment that helps teens create positive changes. Residents usually attend local public schools with group home staff maintaining close contact with teachers to monitor a teens behavior and academic progress. While living in the group home, privileges are often earned through a level system or token economy system. Teens can earn privileges such as electronics time or opportunities to go on outings based on their behavior. Teens who follow the rules will be granted access to more privileges. Teens living in a group home are actively involved in the day-to-day activities of the home, such as shopping and preparing meals, cleaning the house, and planning group activities.   Within the context of living and learning together, the group home setting provides opportunities for teens to learn new skills with staff support. Staff provide ongoing coaching and look for teaching opportunities when problems arise. Teens may learn skills from how to do laundry to how to manage their anger, in preparation for independent living.   What Group Homes Provide The treatment provided in a group home focuses primarily on improving self-esteem, teaching new skills and holding teens accountable for their behavior. Some group homes offer specialized treatment for specific issues, like autism, substance abuse, or inappropriate sexual behavior. Most group home programs include: Individual therapyGroup therapyFamily therapyDrug educationAnger managementIndividualized behavior programs If the goal is for a teen to return home, family involvement is critical. Participation in therapy and multi-family groups is essential to helping the family be prepared for a teens return home. Advantages Group homes offer a  small therapeutic setting where each teen becomes well known to the staff. Each teens individual needs are able to be addressed. The home-like environment is comfortable and familiar and, in this setting, teens learn skills to get along with family members. With strong family support, a group home may be a good choice for many teens having emotional or behavioral problems. Theyre often good solutions for teens who need more support. While theyre getting help, parents can learn new strategies for helping a teen cope with the eventual return home. The Potential Downside It can be difficult to get a health insurance company to cover the cost of living in a group home. Since they serve only a small number of teens, the costs can be quite high. It can be difficult to find an available bed in a group home as well. Many of them have long waiting lists and quite often, it can be difficult to find a group home located within the teens same school system. Children in foster care may be placed in a group home setting for long periods of time. They can be very restrictive in comparison to living in a foster home and the rotation of staff can interfere with a childs ability to develop healthy attachments when a group home becomes a long-term placement.

An Analysis Of Albert CamusThe Stranger - 765 Words

Misa Arima Period5 The Stranger Essay In the novel The Stranger, author Albert Camus uses the character Meursault to argue that happiness can only be achieved through ones ability to sufficiently react to what Heidegger calls Thrown-ness, and, if conscious with the exercise of the free will, only then life will be worthwhile. First of all, knowing that life occurs randomly that have no control of, leads to the happier life. In The Myth of Sisyphus written by Albert Camus, the protagonist Sisyphus had to push a giant rock up in the hill, push it down the hill, and repeats over and over again for his entire life as a punishment. However, according to the text, Camus writes that â€Å"Each atom of that stone, each mineral flake of that night†¦show more content†¦Second, conscious of their own freedom leads people to recognize their own valuable life. On the first part of the book, part 1 chapter 5, Meursault once said I couldnt see any reason to change my life. Looking back on it, I wasnt unhappy†¦ I learned very quickly that none of it really mattered. Even though he had a chance to get the promotion, he wasn’t interested at all. He found that none of those are important. However, in chapter 4 of part 2, after the trial, Meursault once mentioned: â€Å"How did I picture the life afte r the grave? ... â€Å"A life in which I can remember this life on earth. That’s all I want of it.†Ã¢â‚¬  Because of Meursaults death sentence, Meursault recognizes that there is only one chance to live the worldly life. In part 2 of the book, Meursault is more energetic and concentrated. He regrets not appreciating all the events and things that happened before he was arrested, he figured out that he should’ve appreciated more to his present moment. Meursault learns how to cherish his own life. Camus used Meursault to illustrate the existential view. He describes that people deserve free will, and hurt when their freedom is taken. Lastly, awareness of the opportunity to choose own individual, contributes to getting a blissful life. In the story, part 2 chapter 3, Meursault mentioned â€Å"And yet something has changed since it was back to my cell that I went toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Albert CamusThe Stranger1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe opening line of Albert Camus’ The Stranger is â€Å"Maman died today. Or maybe, yesterday; I dont know† (3). Meursault is introduced in a state of indifference about his own mother’s passing. The attitude Meursault has about his mother’s death will be present throughout the novel, an attitude of passivity. External feelings are what he lives for, he spends no time examining his internal feelings. Meursault begins as an uncaring man who is unconscious to the world around him and his own self. He commits

Eating Disorders in Gymnasts Essay - 1995 Words

Eating Disorders in Gymnasts At a gymnastics meet in Budapest, a U.S. judge commented that gymnast Christy Henrich would have to lose weight if she wanted to make the Olympic team. On July 26, 1994, Christy Henrich died of multiple organ failure. She had lost a long battle with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves extreme weight loss, restricted food intake, and an intense fear of becoming fat. The American Psychiatric Association outlines four diagnostic criteria for anorexia. The first is refusal to maintain body weight. The second is intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. The third is denial of the seriousness of low body weight. The†¦show more content†¦They also resolve to diet rigorously to compensate for the weight gained during the binge. Bulimia has many symptoms. Bulimics have a preoccupation with food and are usually secretive about their addiction to food. A bulimic’s self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. Bulimics suffer from internal bleeding, including gastric ulcers due to trauma from forceful vomiting. Bulimics have tooth and gum decay caused by stomach acids. They also have swollen salivary glands, and broken blood vessels in their eyes, as a result of self-induced vomiting. Bulimics are typically high achievers. Bulimia and anorexia have found their way into the sport of elite, or Olympic-level gymnastics. In a 1992 University of Washington study of 182 female college athletes, 62% of college gymnasts have practiced at least one form of disordered eating. This percentage was higher than that of any other sport. Many elite gymnasts have come forward to admit that they suffer from eating disorders. These gymnasts include: 1970 world medallist, Cathy Rigby, 1972 Olympian Nancy Marshall, 1984 Olympic medallist Kathy Johnson, 1989 junior national champion Erica Stokes and Christy Henrich. Cathy Rigby suffered from a twelve-year bout with bulimia nervosa. She went into cardiac arrest on two occasions as a result of it. She feels very strongly about the lack of education about eating disorders inShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia1614 Words   |  6 Pagesdeadly eating disorders that can cause severe physical and mental health problems. Anorexia is an eating disorder of self- imposed starvation and a mental illness. In fact, anorexia has one of the highest death rates of any mental illness(Gerri FreidKramer, page 15). Bulimia is a mental eating disorder characterized by overeating followed by purging(Gerri Freid Kramer, page 21). People with bulimia are known for self induced vomiting, and using laxatives or diuretics. Both eating disorders areRead More Eating Disorders And Gymnastics Essay2469 Words   |  10 PagesEating Disorders And Gymnastics Eating disorders are especially common among athletes because the pressure of the sport environment frequently precipitates the onset of these problems. In this population, certain compulsive behaviors such as excessive exercise and restricted eating patterns are seen as acceptable, and pathogenic methods of weight control are often introduced. In addition, concern about body size and shape is increased because of the social influence for thinness [from coachesRead MoreEating Disorders Has Affected The Lives Of Many Athletes Around The World1546 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders have affected the lives of many athletes around the world. Being scared of being overweight but rather caused by an addiction to food can result in the development of an eating disorder. There are several reasons as to why someone may have an eating disorder such as the sports they play or even the worldly view of how an ideal body is supposed to be. They have an effect on the person’s health and also on their social interactions with others. Many sports where the player’s weightRead MoreThe Healthy Benefits Of Gymnastics1736 Words   |  7 Pagescolleges and universities, and in elite national and international competitions. The major difference between men s gymnastics and women s gymnastics is in the events, or gymnastics apparatus, on which the gymnasts compete. They only share two events in common: vault and floor. Female gymnasts compete on four events total: vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. However, males compete on six events, and compete the events in a different order: floor, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallelRead MoreGender Vs. Eating Disorders894 Words   |  4 PagesGender vs. Eating Disorders More women worry about their weight than men. It is a fact that among the adults, 38% of the women and 24% of the men were trying to lose weight. When you hear about Anorexia and Bulimia most people think of females. What people do not know is tons of males suffer from the same problem. I believe males should be more looked upon when it comes to this subject. Gymnasts, runners, body builders, rowers, wrestlers, racers, dancers, and swimmers are especially helpless againstRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Never Just Pictures By Susan Bordo902 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"Never Just Pictures,† the author, Susan Bordo, addresses the cultural reasons behind the rise in eating disorders. She asserts that modern media and advertising campaigns have played an integral role in this increase. Though unfortunate, the media’s focus is not on the well-being of its viewers, but on the level of cash flow they provide. The advertising moguls use their agencies as double edged swords; they will make ads for McDonalds, then go in the next room and conduct a photo-shootRead MoreEssay on The Stress of Childhood Gymnastics2757 Words   |  12 Pagesyears have gone by it has turned into something other than a place for kids to grow and learn. Its overwhelming commitment has continued to replace kids’ childhoods with stress, mental and physical pain and eating disorders. Many results have come from this change in the gymnastics society. Gymnasts have come to a point where they have been told and directed to understand that winning is the only important factor in gymnastics. â€Å" It’s about the elite child athlete and the American obsession with winningRead More Eating Disorders Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pageslife of a family dealing with an eating disorder. Eating disorders are a major problem with the young people of todays society. While anorexia and bulimia are sociological problems plaguing the worlds youth, there are also other eating disorders. This quot;fat phobiaquot;, or fear of being over-weight, disturbs people to the point where they are in a way, committing suicide. Eating disorders have been termed the disease of the 1980s. An eating disorder is defined as quot;a dangerousRead MoreEating Disorders in College Athletes Essays2241 Words   |  9 Pages Eating Disorders in College Athletes Every year thousands of students are recruited to be student athletes at colleges and every year approximately 8 million individuals suffer from eating disorders. According to Psychology Applied to Modern Life, eating disorders are defined as â€Å"severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight and unhealthy efforts to control weight (Weiten, Dunn, Hammer, 2011, p. 470).† Eating disorders can include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders Are Becoming A Major Problem Today1825 Words   |  8 Pages Eating disorders are becoming a major problem today, with the pressures of society and cultural images of thinness. Males and Females are facing pressures of meeting these expectations of these of societal and cultural images. Athletes are no exception. Although participation in sports may help to improve self-esteem, the pressures of weight and image in sports can add to the cultural and societal pressures that already exist causing eating disorders in Athletes. Defining Eating Disorders In

The Printing Press Free Essays

The Renaissance spread to Germany, France, England, and Spain in the late fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries. In its migration northward, Renaissance culture adapted itself to conditions unknown in Italy, such as the growth of the monarchical state and the strength of lay piety. In England France, and Spain, Renaissance culture tended to be court-centered and hence anti-republican. We will write a custom essay sample on The Printing Press or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Germany, no monarchical state existed but a vital tradition of lay piety was present was present in the Low Countries. The Brethren of the Common Life, for example, was a lay movement emphasizing education and practical piety. Intensely Christian and at the same time anticlerical (shades of what was to come! ), the people in such movements found in Renaissance culture the tools for sharpening their wits against the clergy — not to undermine faith, but restore its ancient apostolic purity. Northern humanists were profoundly devoted to ancient learning but nothing in northern humanism compares to the paganizing trend associated with the Italian Renaissance. The northern humanists were chiefly interested in the problem of the ancient church and the question of what constituted original Christianity. Two factors operated to accelerate the spread of Renaissance culture after 1450: growing economic prosperity and the printing press. Prosperity — the result of peace and the decline of famine and the plague — led to the founding of schools and colleges. In these schools the sons of gentlemen and nobles would receive a humanistic education imported from Italy. The purpose of such an education was to prepare men for a career in the church or civil service. Sometime in the 13th century, paper money and playing cards from China reached the West. They were â€Å"block-printed,† that is, characters or pictures were carved into a wooden block, inked, and then transferred to paper. Since each word, phrase or picture was on a separate block, this method of reproduction was expensive and time-consuming. The extension of literacy among laypeople and the greater reliance of governments and businesses upon written records created a demand for a less-costly method of reproducing the written word. The import of paper from the East as well as â€Å"block-books† (see above), were major steps in transforming the printing of books. However, woodcuts were not sufficiently durable as they tended to split in the press after repeated use. Furthermore, a new block had to be carved for each new impression, and the block was discarded as unusable as soon as a slightly different impression was needed. By the middle of the 15th century several print masters were on the verge of perfecting the techniques of printing with movable metal type. The first man to demonstrate the practicability of movable type was Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398-1468), the son of a noble family of Mainz, Germany. A former stonecutter and goldsmith, Gutenberg devised an alloy of lead, tin and antinomy that would melt at low temperature, cast well in the die, and be durable in the press. It was then possible to use and reuse the separate pieces of type, as long as the metal in which they were cast did not wear down, simply by arranging them in the desired order. The mirror image of each letter (rather than entire words or phrases), was carved in relief on a small block. Individual letters, easily movable, were put together to form words; words separated by blank spaces formed lines of type; and lines of type were brought together to make up a page. Since letters could be arranged into any format, an infinite variety of texts could be printed by reusing and resetting the type. By 1452, with the aid of borrowed money, Gutenberg began his famous Bible project. Two hundred copies of the two-volume Gutenberg Bible were printed, a small number of which were printed on vellum. The expensive and beautiful Bibles were completed and sold at the 1455 Frankfurt Book Fair, and cost the equivalent of three years’ pay for the average clerk. Roughly fifty of all Gutenberg Bibles survive today. In spite of Gutenberg’s efforts to keep his technique a secret, the printing press spread rapidly. Before 1500 some 2500 European cities had acquired presses. German masters held an early leadership, but the Italians soon challenged their preeminence. The Venetian printer Aldus Manutius published works, notably editions of the classics. The immediate effect of the printing press was to multiply the output and cut the costs of books. It thus made information available to a much larger segment of the population who were, of course, eager for information of any variety. Libraries could now store greater quantities of information at much lower cost. Printing also facilitated the dissemination and preservation of knowledge in standardized form — this was most important in the advance of science, technology and scholarship. The printing press certainly initiated an â€Å"information revolution† on par with the Internet today. Printing could and did spread new ideas quickly and with greater impact. Printing stimulated the literacy of lay people and eventually came to have a deep and lasting impact on their private lives. Although most of the earliest books dealt with religious subjects, students, businessmen, and upper and middle class people bought books on all subjects. Printers responded with moralizing, medical, practical and travel manuals. Printing provided a superior basis for scholarship and prevented the further corruption of texts through hand copying. By giving all scholars the same text to work from, it made progress in critical scholarship and science faster and more reliable. How to cite The Printing Press, Papers The Printing Press Free Essays The Printing Press There have been many important inventions over the past millennium. Many of them have helped shape society into what it is today. None however have contributed as much to the world as the printing press has. We will write a custom essay sample on The Printing Press or any similar topic only for you Order Now The printing press was invented in the year 1440 by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany. The printing press consisted of a large press which held plates where movable type could be inserted to spell out entire books page by page. The press was either operated by a large screw or lever which pressed the inked letters onto the sheet of paper. Once done the letters had to be rearranged to make the next page and then repeated for each new page in the book. This process however slow was much faster than the old method of hand writing the books and great deal cheaper as well. The invention of the printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium because it spread ideas throughout Europe, forever altered modern society and it gave the common people power and the chance to become literate. The printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium because it allowed many important ideas and opinions to be more easily widespread to the general public. The printing press helped the spread of ideas through the production of books. The ability to mass produce books and pamphlets helped many political leaders spread their views to the public more easily. These views of the political leaders, good or bad were now accessible to the general public. The ability to read leader’s views and form public opinions helped shape the world into what it is today. Printed books also explored ideas on science and technology which helped bring forth scientific knowledge that shaped the scientific revolution. The press gave freedom to the general public in a new form of expression of thought. People now had a new way of recording their thoughts and sharing it with others. This freedom of expressive print was very liberating for ones message could reach many in a short time. The printing press invention was important to people in many fields for it allowed the political powers to continue to expand, it provides the opportunity to share scientific knowledge and it allowed the public freedom to share in print format. Modern society was affected in many crucial ways because of the printing press. One of the ways that society is affected by this invention from so many years ago is that it brought about the standardization of spelling and grammar. This was and still is important because it brought about the awareness that in order to properly communicate there would need to be a standardized form of spelling and spelling rules. This set standard form of spelling shaped many languages and made the written communication of them easy in the past and still today. The second way that its affects are noted still today is it helped spread religious views to various corners of the world in print format. The importance of this is that this source of books such as the bible or other religious books allowed religious views to be read about and shared in the home rather than just being a message listened to at church. It provided common written messages and because of this many religions such as Christianity could be spread easier throughout the world. These religious writings formed a common base for religion to be prevalent today. Another way in which society was affected by the printing press is that it helped the world’s technology advance faster. People could afford to buy factual books and educate themselves through reading. The more educated that people became, the more they searched for ways to make life better with their knowledge they had acquired from reading books. Today’s society still largely relies on written print as a way to gain knowledge. Modern society and its advancement in written language structure religious followings and technologies advancement are rooted in the history of the printing press and would look much different today if the printing press had not been invented. The invention of the printing press allowed many ordinary citizens the chance to own a book and learn to read. Before the invention of the printing press the cost and time to make a book limited the owning of a book to the very wealthy. However with the invention of the printing press as well as the newly found knowledge of how to make paper from the Arabs printing books became rather inexpensive and much less time consuming. These important advancements made it so average people could now afford to buy books, people began to learn how to read and therefore more opinions and ideas were spread. Literacy rates improved and with this knowledge it allowed the common peasants power to understand what was happening in their country. This power of being literate was important because it provided them opportunity to plan to make life better for oneself. Today books still have an importance for having books and being literate is important because if one can read and understand things in their world it gives one choices of how they can interact with others. The printing press was the most important invention of the last millennium. Its effects were important in 1440 to spread political, scientific and technological ideas. Its effects are still important today in spelling and grammar, religion and in nonfiction education. It gave people power to be owners of printed material and it promoted a desire to learn to educate oneself to read. The printing press was crucial in the advancement of society. Power in written form is a document to learn from and expand from. The printing press allowed societies historical events and ideas to be documented and allowed man to learn from the past to progress the future. How to cite The Printing Press, Essay examples

Clothing of Bangladesh free essay sample

Bangladeshi women habitually wear Sarees. Jamdani was once world famous for its most artistic and expensive ornamental fabric. Moslin, a fine and artistic type of cloth was well known worldwide. Naksi Kantha, embroidered quilted patchwork cloth produced by the village women, is still familiar in villages and towns simultaneously. A common hairstyle is Beni (twisted bun) that Bangalee women are fond of. Traditionally males wear Panjabis, Fatuas and Pajamas. Hindus wear Dhuty for religious purposes. Now-a-days common dresses of males are shirts and pants. Government and non-government organizations like Bangla Academy, Nazrul Institute, Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy, Fine arts Institute, Chhayanat etc. play significant role to flourish Bangladeshi art and culture providing encouragement in music, drama, dance, recitation, art etc. Many other cultural organizations are also popularizing Bangladeshi art and culture. Another important aspect of the culture of Bangladesh is clothing. Bangladeshi woman usually wear Saris, made of the world famous and expensive, finely embroidered quilted patchwork cloth produced by the village woman. Woman will traditionally wear their hair in a twisted bun, which is called the â€Å"Beni style†. Hindus will traditionally wear Dhuty for religious purposes. These days most men of Bangladesh wear shirts and pants. Color, colorful, vibrant, and so on are some of the words used to describe the traditional dress of Bangladesh. It’s not only women who wear colorful clothing. Bangladesh is known for its garment industry and the clothes reflect the bounty of this industry. Women wear sarees or shalwar kameeses. Some cover their heads and some cover their faces. Some wear all black and some wear all color. While the traditional dress for men is a lungi (see my post here), many of the men in the big city of Dhaka wear jeans or pants/trousers instead. Men can also wear a dressier bottom (of which I cannot remember the name right now), and everyone dresses up for special days including weddings. Jamdani sarees are much sought after by fashion conscious professional women in Bangladesh for their elegance. Dakhai Jamdani sarees have a distinct feature for its most artistic and expensive ornamental fabric, unique designs which are completely handmade by members of the weavers (tanti) community. Jamdani for its speciality demands a great attention in the International arena particularly in the high class of society. In the 21st century, Jamdani has taken a completely new shape with the refurbishment of a trendy and classy look. Dakhai Jamdani sarees distinguished from its mutant cousins by its very fine texture resembling muslin and the elaborate and ornate workmanship. For buying Jamdani sari you can see our online catalogue on internet where you will find exclusive collection of jamdani sarees, jamdani saris in different designs and colors for festivals and traditional get together. Nestling in rural Bangladesh, amidst lush green paddy fields, punctuated by picturesque pukurs, (ponds) are entire weaver villages engaged in creating the equivalent of poetry on fabric. Triumphing over the trauma of partition, weaver families, which migrated to West Bengal in the 1950s, have helped keep alive a priceless heritage of highly stylized weaving techniques honed over generations. The handloom industry in the eastern region has had its share of bumpy rides, but Bengal handlooms have survived the difficulties to become a household name among connoisseurs of textiles. Different Varieties There are at least six varieties of Bengal handlooms, each deriving its name from the village in which it originated, and each with its own distinctive style. The undisputed queen of the range, however, is the fabled Jamdani, which in all its myriad local avtars continues to retain its original grandeur and sophistication. The original version is referr to as Daccai jamdani Dhakai Jamdani In Bangladesh, weavers use fine Egyptian cotton, while the Indian weavers use only indigenous raw material. The single warp is usually ornamented with two extra weft followed by ground weft. The original Bangladeshi sari is almost invariably on a beige background, but new designs are more adventorous. The gossamer thin black Jamdani with its splash of multi colored linear or floral motifs sprinkled generously all over the body and border and crowned with an exquisitely designed elaborate pallu is a feast for the eyes. The Dhakai Jamdani is woven painstakingly by hand on the old-fashioned Jala loom, and many take even up to one year to weave a single sari. It feels supple to the touch and drapes gently to reveal the contours of the wearer. Similarly Jamdani saree is a lovely gift to send. It is a hand woven fabric made of cotton. It takes a lot of time hand weaving this saree, which makes it somewhat expensive. But it isn’t as expensive as designer sarees or western clothes. This saree is woven in Bangladesh and is very popular in Dhaka. It is shipped to other countries of the world from Bangladesh. Dhakai jamdani is made from fine texture, which makes it classier and elegant than other sarees. This texture resembles muslin, and features a nicely designed pallu. It’s mostly sought by fashion conscious ladies who want to look elegant at a party or on a special occasion. Lalnilgift. com has a lovely hand woven saree collection for you to choose from. The sarees are ideal to be worn on any occasion, be it birthday, work, at home, party, special occasion or when visiting people. The collection can be worn by woman of all ages, and will especially look good on your wife. She will look elegant when she wears the saree to a party. Bangladesh is a melting pot of races. She, therefore, has a mixed culture. However, her deep-rooted heritage is amply reflected in her architecture, literature, dance, drama, music and painting and in people’s lifestyle. She has own Language Bengali, which boasts a rich literary heritage. Now if we speak about Western culture, it is a wide range of culture that performed by the whole world. Now a day this culture is highly spreading in our country and people are paying their interest into western culture by the help of globalization. Mostly the young generations and highly aristocratic families are very much influenced by western culture, which holds negative impact on our own culture. Therefore, we have to make clear consciousness to the community for making strong cultural bond and better society. From that sense, it is necessary to take a research about the impact of Western culture in our society. And, we believe that the following research report will help to find out the conclusion with valuable recommendation. 1. 1 Basic of the study Bangladeshi culture is influenced by three great religions- Hinduism, Buddhism band Islam in successive order, with Islam having the most pervading and lasting impact. Like a colorful montage, the cultural tradition of the country is a happy blending of many variants, unique in diversity but in essence greatly symmetrical. On the other hand, Western culture began in Ancient Greece. Today, Western culture has at least some presence in nearly all nations of the world. It does not currently exist, however, anywhere in a perfect and complete form. Western culture currently dominates in many Western and Central European nations and several nations settled by Europeans and their descendants. Western culture also significantly exists in many Asian nations, such as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore, and it is increasingly influential in India and China. Western culture currently has little meaningful presence also in Bangladesh. [4] In this research report we choose Dhaka city as for many reason like shortage of time, also we live in this city so it is quite easy for our study, besides as Dhaka city is the capital of Bangladesh and most aristocratic family live in this city. So it is also easy to know about people’s thought on our topic. 1. 2 Background of the study From the historical perspective, Bangladeshi culture has rich literary heritage. The riverside landscape and the monsoon climate are closely related to the cultural practices of this country. It focuses the lifestyles and culture value of the indigenous people. From the earlier age, people give value and maintain social customs, which are in our culture. However, people are now following some of the western cultures beside their own one. Mostly, the young generation is very much interested on English movies, western music, dresses, foods and other things rather than Bengali culture. Now, young generation and even middle age people are not that much conscious about Bengali culture because of the globalization. In this way, Bengali culture is now no more originated by own culture, even it is losing her own value. In this research, we collect opinions about the impact of western culture from people by field survey.

Malcolm X Essays (621 words) - Nation Of Islam,

Malcolm X All men are created equal. This statement was the basis of the civil right movements of the 1960's. Malcom X is a man that promoted a society in which all human beings were equally respected. He believes that blacks should achieve that goal by any means necessary. In a time when blacks were not allowed to sit in the front of the bus, using the same bathroom, or were not admitted to Universities. Malcom X's cry of justice was believed to be the voice of all blacks behind closed doors. Malcom Little grew up as poor and did not have much parental support. His father was run over by a street car when he was six. Soon after his father's death, his mother was put in a mental hospital. He grew up in East Lansing and Boston. He was a pimp, a hustler, drug user, and a drug dealer. He worked in the Harlem underworld and was almost killed by his boss after he betrayed him. Malcom turned to robbery and was caught by the police and sentenced to 10 years of hard labor. While in jail, he was introduced to the Nation of Islam, a Black Muslim group, and changed his name to Malcom X. The X replaced the slave name that was given by the white masters and stands for the his real name that he never knew. After his release from prison he started preaching for the Nation of Islam (NOI). His preaching was known for its hatred overtone. He describes America as a house with a "bomb" inside and it is about to explode. Unless the white people want the house to explode and kill everyone inside, they should take the bomb out and give it a house of their own. His speeches were very popular among angry blacks and he was frequently on the front page of the newspaper. It was rumored that other Nation of Islam members were jealous about his popularity and worried about the power he was gaining. After the JFK assassination, Malcom stated: "President Kennedy never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon... Being an old farm boy myself, chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they always made me glad." After many death calls from irritated Whites, The Nation of Islam started to distance themselves from Malcom. There was already friction between The Nation of Islam and they did not want the Nation of Islam to get a bad name because of Malcom. Feeling pressure to leave and felt betrayed by his church, he started the Organization of Afro-American Unity. They had the commitment to "doing whatever is necessary to bring the Negro struggle from the level of civil rights to the level of human rights." While making a speech in the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem on Feb 21, 1965 he was assassinated by 3 persons all belonging to the NOI. Whether you like him or not, Malcom X was charismatic leader that said the many things that had to be said in the midst of the civil rights movement. "By any means necessary! I'm for freedom. I'm for a society in which our people are recognized and respected as human beings, and I believe that we have the right to resort to any means necessary to bring that about." -Malcom X, interview with Claude Lewis (December 1964) This statement and others helped propel the recognition of prejudice in the heart of America. Whenever I research into a past leader I always feel a great sadness that a great mind has perished with the person. But in this one case, there is a small sense of relief. Violence bleeds violence. 3 men whom he has preached gunned down a man that has preached violence to advance his cause. They stood over his body and emptied their guns. I hope all people can learn from this and move forward together as a nation in peace.

Discuss The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern

Discuss 'The Night Circus' by Erin Morgenstern he Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern is a debut novel that transports readers into a fantastical world in another time. Use these book club discussion questions on The Night Circus to lead your reading group into the intricacies of Morgensterns novel. Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern. Finish the book before reading on. The Night Circus is not written in a linear timeline. Did you find the structure of the book disorienting? Do you think it was effective in mirroring the nature of the circus or did it just annoy you?Between the chapters that tell the story of The Night Circus are descriptions of the circus itself, written as if you are visiting it right now. What do these chapters add to the story?What was your favorite part of the circus? Which character would you most want to meet? Which tent would you most want to visit? Which food sounded most appealing?Why are Frederick Thiessen and the reverse important to the story? Why do you think some people were so entranced by the circus that they devoted themselves to following it around?Did you feel sorry for those who were being used in the game Isobel, the Burgess sisters, even Celia and Marco? Why do you think some people, like Mr. Barris, dont mind being trapped by the circus while it drives others, like Tara Burgess, mad?Why do you think Bailey was willing to give his life to the circus? Discuss themes of good and evil and free will verses being bound.What did you think of Marco and Celias relationship? Why did they fall in love?Why does the man in the gray suit feel so passionate about stories? What sort of commentary do you think the chapter Stories is the novel? On life?Rate The Night Circus 1 to 5.

Journal Entries outlining a song with the use of personal anecdote or Assignment

Journal Entries outlining a song with the use of personal anecdote or historical fact - Assignment Example Some branches wither and die, while others prosper and beget subsequent branches. This paper will begin in 1920, and progress in a more or less sequential order up to 1989. The only jags on our journey will be to explore an artist or a work in it’s entirety, regardless of associated dates. Where release years are identical, acts are sorted alphabetically. 1920 - Ted Lewis Jazz Band, â€Å"I'll See You in C-U-B-A† - This is a perfect example of the styles used by musicians to start scaling down from a big band size for smaller clubs, while still maintaining a bridge to the encompassing sound of big band. The contrast of merry horns and melancholy woodwinds always pulls back from the brink before conveying any true sense of discontent. The same general themes are repeated multiple times, but each with a new detail or elaboration. After the first denouement, there is a section with more pronounced percussion, leading into a whistling section that sounds remarkably like bir d call, accentuating the idea of the gaiety of the initial horn lines. A second, much lower horn line comes in during the major reprise, providing an interesting duel and counterpoint with the first. The main theme repeats, and then with a cute little bounce, it ends, having arrived at its Cuban destination. 1921 - Rudolph Valentino dances the tango to ‘La Cumparsita’ in â€Å"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse† - 1921 - Valentino is well known for his pivotal tango scene in â€Å"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse†. The tango he danced to was called â€Å"La Cumparsita†, or ‘the Little Masquerade’. It starts out with a deceptively simple accordion duo; a barely audible set of shakers being the only percussion, The base theme is rather long, and establishes itself and repeats with greater intensity. We see our dancers almost melting across the floor of a smoke filled speakeasy. The middle section gives us a looser and more romantic re el, with less staccato. The onlookers cheer and leer, as the dancers footwork gets more complex, in contrast to the flowing music. The main theme bursts in again, and like a bud that abruptly flowers, it has a held back tightness before the full surrender, which is visible in the flowing choreography of the female dancer. As the dancers draw the performance to a close, the music takes an oddly sinister turn, as if mimicking passion gone sour. 1930 - Don Azpiazu, â€Å"El Manicero (The Peanut Vendor)† - Azpiazu starts with a catchy piano intro, high pitched block percussion, and a rhythm horn section that quickly establish themselves as the main backbone of the song. Over that comfortingly predictable backdrop, a deft and playful solo horn line flits around rum soaked silk male vocals like a butterfly. One can envision a friendly peanut vendor strolling down the street on a sunny day, hawking his wares. It is clever, simple, and happy, perhaps much like our peanut vendor himse lf. 1965 - Stan Kenton at the Rendezvous Ballroom, â€Å"The Peanut Vendor† - Kenton attempts a cover of the Azpiazu number, and manages to eliminate almost everything that was charming about the original, while still maintaining the few questionable elements. The repetitive piano line is echoed in really bold horns, but rather than paint a quiet backdrop, they drone methodical and monotonous. A solo horn line comes in, but it has nothing in common

Why did Britain and France get out of Africa between 1957-1965 Essay

Why did Britain and France get out of Africa between 1957-1965 - Essay Example 56). They, therefore, had to redirect most of their finances in rebuilding their cities; hence, they could not afford to sustain the manpower they had deployed to run the colonies. From an economical point of view, the colonies did not generate enough income to sustain themselves; therefore, it was uneconomical for the two countries to retain them. Secondly the rise of nationalism and nationalists helped to speed up the evacuation process. Countries like Ghana, found in West Africa had extremely powerful nationalists who fought for the liberation of their country, for example, Kwame Nkurumah. Among his achievements, he helped to unite African countries through the establishment of Pan-African Union. Nationalists from different countries were able to meet during these forums, whereby they discussed their grievances and formulated plans to forcefully evict their oppressors. The liberated countries also provided military support to other African countries which opted to evict their colonial masters. However, these countries only resorted to the use of violence because peaceful negotiations had failed (Mungazi 1996, p. 113). Thirdly, international pressure from other countries, which did not have colonial possessions also helped to speed up the evacuation process. the formation of United Nations after the second World War united most countries and brought about the rise of the veto states. These states had the final say in most things affecting the United Nations. Among these countries was the USA, which used, to be Britain’s colonial possession before gaining independence in 1776. This would explain why USA was a forerunner in the fight against colonialism. Britain and France faced a lot of opposition from USA which lobbied the support of China and Russia when making veto decisions. This constant opposition affected France and Britain and undercut their advancement

Impact of Technology on Information

Impact of Technology on Information Task Write 1500-2000 words explaining with example how technology has changed the way information is used. Your essay should cover four technologies. For the purpose of this essay it is recommended that you do comparative research on technologies and their impact on information. What is the Information Technology? Information technology (IT) The Application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. Information technology made human life is so easy in the 21 century. Our life is changed greatly more and more in last few year. What the reason behind that? Ofcource Technology is a main factor producing and promoting of changing human life. All technologies who use information that are most important of in the world. In Google map, you can find any location easily and reach there. In transport, you can get information of timing of arrival and depart of buses, trains, planes etc. Everyone is listening music or reading news or viewing movies from the palm electrical stuff, Mp3, I pad, mobile or other similar things. This essay is look back of technologies which are conduct or related information spreading, collection, retrieving and application. It would be ungrateful on our part not to recognize how immense the boons are which modern technology has given to mankind. Can we think of living without computers, mobile phones, electricity or modern methods of publishing? We all know the impact of technology in medical science education system on us. EDUCATION How education system change in past years. So many changes are made compare to past. At the past student learn from his teacher. They had book knowledge. All information can find from only book. It is so time consuming. Finding information from book is get bored the student. Teacher ask question to student and student answer the questions. Information can get so far from books. How Changes made in education system? First change in education system is E-Learning method. In past year if student want information and study about that then they want to go at particular place or get information from book. Now in E-Learning system student get information at the home using internet. They can easily learn from so many easy method without moving place. Student get directly get information from web. Using this method so many change made in education system. Bernard Luskin, an educational technology pioneer, advocated that the e of e-learning should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational in addition to electronic. Parks suggested that the e should refer to everything, everyone, engaging, easy. These broad interpretations focus on new applications and developments, as well as learning theory and media psychology. (Education technology article) Main purpose of E-Learning system is that to share method and information on E-Learning, development of common and Euro control deliverables, such as the best practice and service provide documentation for E-Learning development and the digital learning asset sharing platform A learner can get more knowledge and information from visual ex. Video, Poster Board etc. compare to audio. Poster board take place of audio visual in this modern system. In school, Colleges everywhere learning can done by projector or board. It is easy to catch up information for user. Speaking of textbooks, e-books are becoming more prevalent in schools with the advancements of e-reader and tablet computers. I think in the near future that students will not carry around big bulky Backpacks filled with heavy textbooks. In past student carry the heavy book and get information. That the boring thing to do. In present year, student can download e-book in your laptop, phones, and tablets. And whenever they information or anything they take phone and get information in easy way. In this present year people can expand yourself from knowing different languages. Technology facilitates our ability to extend classroom community by using web-based platforms. Teachers and students can use this platform to discuss homework, post assignments, and interact with peers as they work on projects. We now use libraries, but so much of our research and learning is now more web-based. What used to take hours in the library to find, we find instantaneously. As a result, we need to sort through huge amounts of information efficiently. We know how to get and use information. I would argue that because it takes less time to find information, we spend more time digesting, thinking, and learning about new information. Radio Radio is the device that get information from any place in world. The meaning and usage of the word radio has developed in parallel with developments within the field of communications and can be seen to have three distinct phases: electromagnetic waves and experimentation; wireless communication and technical development; and radio broadcasting and commercialization .(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio). Radio technology began with wireless technology. Radio technology is related to other wireless invention â€Å"TELEGRAH†, â€Å"TELEPHONE†. In fact all three technology are similar. In 1873 James Clerk Maxwell experiments with the radio waves through free space. After more experiment by David E. Hughes and Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in signal from radio waves, they invent the concept of radio. Radio is first device that allow the mass communication. It has able to information transfer from far and wide area, not only for national wide, it include also international wide. Following image of old radio. First mainly use of radio is contact between ships in the sea. During time of distress, a sinking ship would use a radio messaged nearby vessels and stations on the land to ask for aid. The radio saw a surge of use during the First World War. Both sides used the radio to relay messages to troops and top officials as well as people not on the battle front. At the end of the war, President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points was sent to Germany via use of the radio. After the war’s end, with the grow up broadcasting began in Europe and United State. Radio-telegraphy is the sending by radio waves the same spot dash message (Morse code) utilized as a part of a telegraph. At starting transmitters were called flash whole machines. It was created and utilized generally for the correspondence of boat to-shore and boat to-ship. The imparting was between two focuses, and it was not open radio television as what we are utilizing these days. It was an upheaval in human data change and transmitting. As early as 1899 the United States Army set up wireless communications with a lightship off Fire Island, New York. Before a wireless system was used by US navy, they even used homing pigeons for communication. As early as 1899 the United States Army set up wireless communications with a lightship off Fire Island, New York. Before a wireless system was used by US navy, they even used homing pigeons for communication. Though we have plenty of choice of new products to listen to news or other things but radio with AM function is still used now by many people, probably by more senior users who are used to listen to the traditional radio sets in daily life.In fact home radio receivers portable or dest one had long been used as a main device for people to get news around the world before the Television was invented.As for radio broadcasting, it took place in 1915, when human speech was first transmitted across the continent between New York City and San Francisco and across the Atlantic Ocean between Naval radio station NAA at Arlington, Virginia and the Eiffel tower in Paris. We need to recall that we can get gigantic measure of data however we need to utilize our cerebrum to anaalise those data. Since data we go anyplace like online or radio or etc, it doesnt mean they are genuine or helpful. In the event that we are utilized with one gadget for quite a while we may lose one capacity around there. Case in point when individuals use GPS to drive, without GPS, they may not know to discover the home. Perhaps we can not stop the new innovations to enter our life, we can not stop ourselves to purchase new versatile, new I-pad, however the paramount thing is that how we utilize them as a part of right way in light of the fact that they have effectively changed the way we used to get data. Marketing Marketing is changed in past years. So many changes made. Main purpose of marketing is attract and retain customer valuable content with the intention of changing or enhancing consumer behavior. In past year, Marketing is done throw paper advertisement, by poster, audio concept etc. Marketing is concern with the business strategy. In past hundred years many principles had change in marketing strategy. In past year, Marketing is done throw paper advertisement, by poster, audio concept etc. In this present year marketing done throw Facebook, YouTube, Twitter type social media where people can interest in product, so Marketing is done very easily. According to Tech Target, more than 64% of car buyers use the Internet to research car models, features, and prices. Even more, 68% of new car buyers attest to visiting an average of seven different sites, such as Kelly Blue Book, Autobytel, and Edmunds. In past year, marketing done throw paper. All paper wrote by himself by people and give other for marketing. They can write document by hand writing. There are time consuming and waste of paper. In this generation that work done by printing machine. All document write in computer and you can copies easily available. As long as people still read newspapers and magazines, text marketing will remain important. Early mail frameworks were utilized principally for sending individual letters and interchanges between organizations, however dashing advertisers soon found that mail could be an extraordinary approach to market organization and its products. while numerous individuals whine uproariously about garbage mail, there are still ways to utilize mail promoting viably, and it can be an extraordinary approach to assemble a client base when beginning a business. Mail promoting is not the least expensive advertising system accessible, however it can be massively viable if utilized accuratel y. In present year marketing also done throw audio and video visual. You can record your advertisement and advertisement on radio. You can make video transfer throw internet or view video advertisement on film interval, on online web advertisement or on television. You can easily marketing your product. The fame and regulation of radio gave advertisers a fresh out of the box better approach to connect with potential clients. Since it was difficult to charge for access to a radio station, early stations depended on promoting, and radio promotions are still the essential means by which radio stations produce income. Indeed online radio stations still depend on sound recordings for promoting. TV promoting came a bit later, however it stays as prominent as ever, and all promotion backed feature wholesalers will proceed to use feature promoting for future. Early web browsers began allowing images, website operators began running advertisements. These advertise were typically banner ads, and operators would charge for each ad shown. Later, only ads that users clicked resulting in charges. Today, many ads are based on text, and advertisers only pay when users click on them. On popular platforms, advertisers compete based on price for better advertise placement. Like facebook and other social networking website advertisement Technology has long changed how we live our lives, but some of us fail to realize how profound the changes it brings are. When it comes to advertising, businesses can no longer create a sign and hope that others will spread the news. Fortunately, there are a number of effective an d affordable options for businesses of all sizes, and those who take advantage of what advertising can do using modern technology stand to make tremendous strides. Communication Communication is process of interaction or interchange word between people. Changing on technology effect the communication technology. Many device find for the communication as example like phone, messages service, internet call, new application for communication all that. Many year ago people communicate with the symbol. People can pass the message by symbol. Communication done also by writing. Few year ago people can write letter and post. And other people receive post read and get answer. That waste the time. Phone is the most important innovation by graham bell that change the communication and information exchange way. So many innovation can made in communication. In past people can communicate just with talking and writing paper and this present time people can get information throw telephone. Just call and ask and get information. In communication that has two main part. Telecommunication Videocommunication Telecommunication means communication at distance with technology. In this present time so many changes has done. Many invention done. Like phone, calling, messeging Audio-video transfer. Tele-communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistle. Telecommunication can increase the ability to access throw film and music. Telecommunication and videocommunication play most important role in social activities. In 1920-1930 social dimensions of the device became a prominent theme in telephone advertisements. Using Television people can seen films or entertain at home. They cannot travel for video entertainment. With Radio and internet people can listen music at the home. At the past that all thing not available. Now in this generation wireless telecommunication is available that people can communicate with anyone at any place. Internet, radio, television, telephone all the major components of telecommunication. Video-communication is the conduct of a video conferencs by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions . In past there are no any video chatting is available. Now in a days Skype, viber so many application that use for video communication. References www.necsi.edu.research/management/education www.wikipedia.org.wiki/e-learning www.wikipedia.org/wiki/history_of_radio www.personal_psu.edu/jtk187/art2/radio.htm www.MBA-exchange.com/candidates http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/telecommunication http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing

Financial Statement Analysis Essay

I. INTRODUCTION Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent, to assist in investment and financial decision-making. Moreover, it is also the process of identifying financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by properly establishing relationship between the items of the balance sheet and profit and loss accounts. When looking a specific company, the financial analyst will often focus on the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flows statement. One of the most common ways of analyzing financial data is to calculate ratios from the data to compare against those of other companies or against the company’s own historical performance. For example, return on assets is a common ratio used to determine how efficient a company is at using its assets and as a measure of profitability. This ratio could be calculated for several similar companies and compared as part of a larger analysis. Financial analysis converts raw information of financial statements in useful financial information. Only after financial analysis, we can use financial statements for decision making. This financial information is useful for planning for example; we can estimate our future ability of earning on advertising if we did financial analysis of our advertising expenses with direct return on the investment in advertising. Like this, we can do financial analysis of each and every item of profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flow statement. II. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze the financial statement of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc and Far Eastern University for the periods of 2007 to 2011 using financial statement analysis. This analysis are to apprehend the information contained in financial statements with a view to know the weaknesses and strengths of the firm and to make a forecast about the future prospects of the firm thereby, enabling the analysts to take decisions regarding the operation of, and further investment in, the firm. To be more specific, the analysis is undertaken to serve the following purposes (objectives): * Assessment of Past Performance. Past performance is a good indicator of future performance. * Assessment of current position. Financial statement analysis shows the current position of the firm in terms of the types of assets owned by a business firm and the different liabilities due against the enterprise. * Prediction of profitability and growth prospects. Financial statement analysis helps in assessing and predicting the earning prospects and growth rates in earning which are used by investors while comparing investment alternatives and other users in judging earning potential of business enterprise. * Prediction of bankruptcy and failure. Financial statement analysis is an important tool in assessing and predicting bankruptcy and probability of business failure. * Assessment of the operational efficiency. Financial statement analysis helps to assess the operational efficiency of the management of a company. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. (DYCI) started as a non-sectarian secondary institution. It was established in 1950 as the Francisco Balagtas Academy (FBA). In 1987, the name of the institution was changed to Dr. Yanga’s Francisco Balagtas Colleges (DYFBC). Through the years, the school has been an integral part in the formation of many young men and women of Bulacan, metamorphosing into successful practitioners in their various fields of interest. In 2001, the name of the institution was changed again and became Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. (formerly Dr. Yanga’s Francisco Balagtas Colleges, Inc.) was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 2001, primarily to own, operate, maintain, or otherwise administer a school or colleges of any nationality providing therein education in different courses. Far Eastern University.The Far Eastern University, Incorporated (the University or FEU) is a domestic educational institution founded in June 1928 and was registered and incorporated with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on October 27, 1933. On October 27, 1983, the University extended its corporate life for another 50 years. The University became a listed corporation in the Philippine Stock Exchange on July 11, 1986. The University is a private, non-sectarian institution of learning comprising the following different institutes that offer specific courses, namely, Institute of Arts and Sciences; Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance; Institute of Education; Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts; Institute of Nursing; Institute of Engineering; Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management; Institute of Law; and Institute of Graduate Studies (PSE website). In November 2009, FEU entered into a Joint Venture (JV) Agreement to establish a joint venture company (JVC) for culinary arts. The registration of the JVC was approved by the SEC on May 7, 2010. In 2010, the University established the FEU Makati Campus (the Branch) in Makati City. The Branch started its operations in June 2010 (PSE website). III. FINDINGS/ANALYSIS FINANCIAL RATIOS Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a company’s financial statements the level and historical trends of these ratios can be used to make inferences about the company’s financial condition, its operation and attractiveness as an investment. There are four categories of ratio used in financial statement analysis. These are: (1) Liquidity Ratio(2)Activity Ratio(3)Leverage Ratio(4)Profitability Ratio This part of the study is organized the calculation and comparison of ratios of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. and Far Eastern University using the four categories of financial ratios. Specific ratios for each category are also presented and analyzed 1. Liquidity ratio. Which measure a firm’s ability to meet cash needs as they arise. * Current ratio. The current ratio indicates a company’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations. The current ratio measures whether or not a firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12 months. This ratio shows the current assets available to cover current liabilities at the balance sheet date. There should be a reasonable buffer of current assets over current liabilities as an indicator of the ability of the firm to pay its debts as and when they fall due. As presented, the current ratio of FEU is insignificantly increasing, which could mean more current assets may still be invested in other wealth-generating activities. This implies that FEU has to revisit its capital budgeting initiatives. As to the current ratio of DYCI is generally decreasing which has 4.36 in 2007 that reflects inefficient working capital management to 1.56 by 2011 which falls into a healthy mark of business current assets and liabilities that indicate both account are well functioning and helpful to the operation. * Quick or acid-test ratio. The quick ratio is a measure of a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations using its most liquid assets (near cash or quick assets). Quick assets include those current assets that presumably can be quickly converted to cash at close to their book values.As a supplement to current ratio, quick or acid-test ratio aims to show the more liquid current assets available to pay the more immediately payable liabilities. With reference to current assets, FEU has its quick asset for the year 2010 of 2.26 and 1.92 for the year of 2011. The acid test ratio of FEU is steadily decreasing from 2007 to 2011 which could be interpreted as a deterioration of liquidity.While quick ratio of DYCI is same as their current ratio decreases because the only current assets they have arecash and cash equivalent and trade receivables which are both included in the quick assets. DYCI is less liquid than their previous. * Working Capital to total assets. Working capital to total assets ratio is useful while evaluating the company’s level of liquidity. Working capital measures a company’s ability to cover its short term financial obligations by comparing its Total Current Assets to its Total Assets.FEU’s working capital to total assets shows that from 0.57 in 2007 has its increased up to 4.26 in 2011 which indicates a positive sign, showing that FEU’s liquidity is improving over time. While DYCI has decreased its working capital to total assets between years 2007 with 0.21 down to 0.08 in 2011 that indicates the company may have too many total current liabilities, reducing the amount of working capital available. * Cash-flow liquidity ratio. Cash-flow liquidity ratio measures how well a company can handle its Short Term Debt with its cash and other liquid assets. It seems like quick ratio of FEU has become inconsistent with considerable decline in the liquidity ratio. This just confirms the discussion presented in the current ratio portion that not all current assets of FEU fall under the immediately realizable current assets when needed to pay off maturing debts. In the financial ratio of DYCI the cash flow liquidity ratio is unstable where it goes from 2.44 in 2007 it went down to 1.72 by 2008 and escalate to 2.36 and 3.57 by 2009 & 2010 but drastically recede during 2011 to 2.71 it shows that DYCI can provide cash payment to its short term obligation. 1. Activity ratio. Which measure the liquidity of specific assets and efficiency of managing assets. * Trade Receivable turn-over. Trade Receivable turn-over measures how many times a company’s accounts receivable have been turnover into cash during the year.FEU’s converted trade receivables into cash 3.14 times in 2011, low from 20.17 in 2007. The turnover if receivable doesn’t improve which may indicate a not do good quality of receivable and no improvement of the firm’s collection and credit policies. While the DYCI has a 41.92 times in 2011, up from 26.09 times in 2007. The receivable has improved and this may indicate better quality of receivable and improvement of the firm’s collection and credit policies. Generally, a high turnover of DYCI is good because it could indicate efficiency in the collection of receivable, but a very high turnover may not be favorable because it may indicate that credit and collection policies are overly restrictive. * Average Collection Period. This helps evaluate the liquidity of accounts receivable, the ability of the firm to collect from the customers.The ratio for FEU, indicate that during 2011, the firm collected its accounts in 116 days on average. No improvement over the 18 days collection period in 2007. This is one of the main reasons why it has significantly higher current assets.While the DYCI’s financial ratio reflects that decreased their average collection turnover by 5 days from 14days in 2007 to 9days by 2011 which signifies that there’s an excellent credit term management and falls into outstanding receivables. Hence, cash is circulating wellalthough out the operations that generates revenue.FEU has the longest collection period. Whether the average of 18 days taken to collect an account is good or bad, it depends on the credit terms FEU is offering. * Working capital turn-over. Working capital turn-over measures how well a company is utilizing its working capital to support a given level of sales. FEU’s financial ratio shows that working capital turnover in 2007 with 2.04 down to 1.07 in 2011 indicates a decreasing ratio which is a low ratio that FEU is investing in too many accounts receivable to support its sales, which could eventually lead to an excessive amount of bad debts and obsolete inventory. On the other hand DYCI has a working capital turnover between year 2011 with 17.11 and 9.62 in 2007 that means a high, or increasing Working Capital Turnover is usually a positive sign, showing the company is better able to generate sales from its Working Capital. But an extremely high working capital turnover ratio can indicate that DYCI does not have enough capital to support it sales growth. This is a particularly strong indicator when the accounts payable component of working capital is very high, since it indicates that management cannot pay its b ills as they come due for payment. * Asset turn-over ratio. Asset turn-over ratio measures how efficiently a company’s assets generate revenue For FEU, the total asset turnover has decreased relative to the industry. As reflected in the financial ratio of asset turnover in 2007 with 0.58 times that there is no improvement primarily in 2011 with 0.49 times. Like DYCI also has no improvement on their asset turnover ratio like FEU. The year 2007 and 2011 the ratio is low from 1.41 down to 0.84. But similar to the previous financial ratio, as a rule of thumb, to be considered effective, it should be at least 0.30 times. Using this, it can be said that the two firms both FEU and DYCI keep an effective mechanism on utilizing their total assets. * Capital intensity ratio. Capital intensity ratio measure of a firm’s efficiency in deployment of its assets.As reflected on the financial ratio of FEU. The capital intensity in 2007 was 1.72 and has an improvement with 2.05 in 2011. So FEU’s capital intensity ratio is high, it is said to be capital intensive. Like DYCI also a high ratio in 2007 with 0.71 up to 1.19 in 2011. This means that both firms have to make a significant investment in assets relative to the amount of sales revenue those assets can produce. Hence, FEU is more capital intensive than DYCI 1. Leverage ratio. Which measures the extent of a firm’s financing with debt relative to equity and its ability to cover interest and other fixed charges. * Debt ratio. Debt ratio measures the proportion of all assets that are financed with debt.Total debt includes all current liabilities and long term debt. Creditors prefer low ratios because the lower the ratio, the greater the cushion against losses in the event of liquidation. As presented, in 2007 with a 0.15 down to 0.12 in 2011 it seems like FEU will be highly favored because they have the lowest ratio and lower the risk. On the other hand DYCI will also be highly favoredbecause of its 0.89 in 2007 up to 0.91 in 2011. They both have the lowest ratio and indicate lower the risk because they didn’t have reached the generally considered maximum ratio of 50%. To much debt would pose difficulty in obtaining additional debt financing when needed or that credit is available only at extremely high rates of interest and most onerous terms. * Debt to equity ratio. Debt to equity ratio measures the riskiness of the firm’s capital structure in terms of relationship between the funds supplied by the creditor and the investor.As reflected from the financial ratio of FEU. FEU’s debt to equity ratio has increased between 0.88 of 2011 and 0.85 0f 2007, implying a slightly riskier capital structure. On the other hand the financial ratio of DYCI’s debt to equity ratio decreases from 0.11 in 2007 and 0.9 in 2011 which implies a no risk capital structure. 1. Profitability ratio. Which measure the overall performance of a firm and its efficiency in managing assets, liabilities, and equity * Operating Profit Margin. A ratio used to measure a company’s pricing strategy and operating efficiency.FEU’s operating profit margin doesn’t have an improvement because of its 34% in 2007 down to 26% in 2011. This is unfavorable because it indicates the ability of the company that there is no control in operating expenses while sharply decreasing sale. Unlike the operating profit margin of DYCI is consistently in equal level which is 1% in 2007 until 2011 with 1% as well. * Cash Flow Margin. Cash flow margin is cash from operating activities as a percentage of sales in a given period.FEU’s cash flow margin between 0.32% in 2011 decreased from the operating margin of 0.43% in 2007. On the other hand the DYCI’s cash flow margin in 2011 of 0.21 was higher than the operating margin. This indicates a strong positive generation of cash. The performance in 2011 represent a solid and impressive improvement over 2005 which is -0.01 when the firm failed to generate cash from operations and had a negative cash floe margin. * Rate of Return on Assets (ROA). It gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings.This ratio measures efficiency with which assets are used to operate the firm. As a rule of thumb, a higher return on total assets is preferred since lower ROAmay mean higher degree of leveragetherefore higher interest expense and lower net income. Referring to financial ratio of FEU between 2011 from 2008 FEU consistently showed the highest ratio than DYCI with 1% in 2011. * Rate of Return on Equity. It gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. This ratio measures the rate of return on common shareholders’ investment. This is considered as the most important accounting ratio as this has something to do with the DuPont equation. As a rule of thumb, the higher the ROE, the better since low ROE but high ROA may mean that the firm is using greater debt. Reflected inthe financial ratio of FEU between the year 2007 to 2011 is inconsistently showed the highest ratio than DYCI with its low ratio of 7% in 2007. Summary of Financial Statements Analysis of FEU and DYCI Short-term liquidity and Activity Short-term liquidity and activity analysis is of particular significance to trade and short-term creditors, management and other parties concerned with the ability of a firm to meet near-term demand for cash. Both FEU and DYCI’s current and quick ratios are insignificantly decreasing indicating a deterioration of short-term liquidity. On the other hand the cash flow liquidity ratio of both firms doesn’t improved and has become inconsistent with considerable decline in the liquidity ratio. The average collection periods for accounts receivable of FEU doesn’t improved. There is no improvement that may be the result of poor day-to-day credit management or such temporary problem concerned by a depressed economy. While the DYCI decreased their average collection turnover by 5days which signifies that there is an excellent credit term management and falls into outstanding receivables. Presently, there appears to be no major problem in DYCI’s short-term liquidity position but FEU seems that there is a problem in average collection period that must have been improved. Long-term Solvency The debt ratios for FEU and DYCI shows a steady decreased in the use of borrowed funds. Total debt has decreased relative to total assets implying a slightly riskier capital structure. Given the decreased level of borrowing, the times earned and fixed charged coverage improved slightly in 2011. These ratio should however be monitored closely in the future particularly if the both firms continues to expand. Operating Efficiency and Profitability FEU and DYCI both decreased from 2007 to 2011 that means inefficient utilization or obsolescence of fixed assets. The assets turnover in 2011 of both firms also decreased implying that the company is not using its assets optimally and no progress traceable to improved management of receivables. Operating profit margin of FEU doesn’t have an improvement, unfavorable and manage to improve its operating margin in 2011 principally due to the ability of the firm that there is no control in operating expenses. Unlike DYCI that is in the stable level from 2007 to 2011. Referring to financial ratio of FEU and DYCI both firm increased considerably in 2011. These ratios measure the overall success of the both firm in generating profits from its investment and management strategies. Conclusion: It appears that Far Eastern University and Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc. doesn’t have any major problems and is well proportioned for future growth but FEU must improve their average collection period. Close monitoring the firm’s management of receivables is important considering the size of the company’s capital tied up. The both firm should however be cautious of the increased risk associated with debt financing. IV. RECOMMENDATION The analysis of the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc., financial statements shows that there is no consistent ratio on the increase of their comprehensive income unlike the Far Eastern University who maintains the increase of their profit. Therefore, it is advised that a stronger and more effective policy shall be developed and implemented regarding the ratio of the revenue and all expenses. When it comes to their cash every end of the year, Dr. Yanga’s improve better than FEU. For the past 5 years, FEU keeps on decreasing their cash on hand. It is observed and analyze that FEU’s cash on hand decrease, while their account receivables increase. So, the expected cash to be use in the entire year was still receivable that affects their accounting plans. It shows that FEU has a weak credit and collection policy, so it is advised to focus on those credit accounts, and also in accepting creditors and promissory notes. As reflected in the financial ratio of Far Eastern University and Dr. Yangas colleges, Inc. there is no major problems for both firms and is well proportioned for future growth. However the Far eastern University has a problem in their average collection period. Therefore, possessing a lower average collection period is seen as optimal, because this means that it does not take a company very long to turn its receivables into cash. Ultimately, every business needs cash to pay off its own expenses. In that case it is advised that FEU must improve an excellent credit term management to fall into outstanding receivables. Hence, cash is circulating well although out the operations that generates revenue.

Internet Piracy

Internet Piracy has become a worldwide phenomenon. In the U. S. alone more than 100 songs are downloaded every minute. With this growing problem, 3 main groups suffer. The recording artist suffers financially, the RIAA (The Recording Association of America) also suffers financially and finally the downloader suffers if caught. This catch 22 tool has been a thorn in the side of technology since its introduction in 1999. Since then, downloading- or peer-2-peer sharing- has become one of the worst acts of technology affecting the world at large. Since the introduction of Napster back in the year 2000, many more P2P sharing networks have been invented to keep the illegal industry alive that left the RIAA in a fix. However, in the light of such programs there has also been uproar of other legal P2P programs that offer the same speed for a price. Many people don’t believe in paying a price to get their music. The RIAA, which collectively represents every major and minor artist out in the market right now has been slapped with programs taking profits from the artist as well as the industry it self. In an effort to control pirating, the RIAA, according to an article in Information Week, the RIAA has been trying to pressure people to stop downloading by sending out more than â€Å"†¦400 letters to 13 U. S. universities advising of potential copyright infringement lawsuits against students†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Adegoke. 2007. ) The issue here is though, the letters are just half the solution. What happens to the finances of the artist. Times have changed and unlike back in the time of a young Michael Jackson, artists don’t make their money in music sales. It used to be- before the threat of P2P networks- that records were being certified 8 and 10 times platinum because of sales. Now a days artists like Mariah Carey, who had a 2005 comeback debut with the Emancipation of Mimi, make the majority of their profits with the sale of tickets for concerts. Mariah Carey who experienced international success with the album went on to get a certification of three times platinum with in just two months of release. (Billboard. 2007. ) This certification however doesn’t take into consideration the number of downloads that were happening before the release up to the date of certification. As the RIAA cracks down on scaring people to get their act together and to purchase songs legally, other programs like iTunes, the operating program behind the ipod and also one of the main (legal) online music providers in the world, has provided an inexpensive way to legally get songs from an internet based program with out all the repercussions of dealing with the RIAA. Although it’s more common now to use iTunes as a music staple, there are people who despite the legality and popularity of the program prefer and advertise the use of the compact disc in its entirety. In An article by Valerie Block of Craines New York Business, she states that’s she wasn’t into the free and dangerous downloading websites and programs (Block. 2007. ) But as iTunes became so popular, she enjoyed the ease of â€Å"†¦Buying singles for 99 cents and albums for 10 bucks. † Like Block, many consumers don’t enjoy forking over almost twenty dollars for a disc of material when in fact all they want is one song. Doug Morris, who is the head of Universal Music Group, wants to- as said by Block- â€Å"weaken the four-year-old e-tailer's (iTunes’) grip on digital music sales. (Block. 2007. ) Just as there are people who have a fond opinion about downloading music for free, there are also people who believe that programs like iTunes are taking away the meaning of the entire piece of material by just downloading single tracks. Personally, as someone who has been downloading music from both iTunes and Ares Pro, I fail to see why it would af fect the artist in such a manner. To my knowledge, all the artist cares about is the opportunity for their fans to enjoy their material and also to be able to make a profit from it. Block, who is an avid iTunes downloader states that rapper turned business mogul Jay-Z has refused to put his latest work in the iTunes store. (Block. 2007. ) The rapper who just released a theme C. D. called American Gangster based on the theme of the movie featuring Denzel Washington, stated in the article, â€Å"his album should be purchased in its entirety, like, say, a Picasso†. (qtd. in Block. ) The issue of downloading programs legality has- in my opinion- been blown way out of proportion in many ways. These efforts don’t do anything for the artists, as they are depriving the consumers a chance to enjoy the material that the artist have worked hard for them to enjoy. Besides, who is the recording industry kidding, no matter the amount of downloads that go on in a day, artists still make money. Between every time a song is played on the radio, played as an advertisement stunt in the next Pantene commercial, modeling gigs and appearances and other business endorsements they are making more money than many people. Further more, the RIAA only seems to be irecting their line of downloading prejudice to the programs that are in the front, both neglecting the less popular programs such as Bear Share and online forums that offer both tracks off the latest compact discs as well as the disc in its entirety. As a challenge to the RIAA and artists like Jay-Z, a change in pricy pieces of material should be looked into to avoid both the issue of legality in downloading as well as the issu e of finances amongst the artists. Works cited Arney, Juliane. â€Å"Become a music master: here's what you need to know about downloading music for the internet. IDEA Health & Fitness Source 22. 5 (May 2004): 63(3). Academic OneFile. Gale. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 . Crawford, Kate. â€Å"Adaptation: tracking the ecologies of music and peer-to-peer networks. † Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy 114 (Feb 2005): 30(10). Academic OneFile. Gale. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 . Siegfried, Robert M. â€Å"Student Attitudes on Software Piracy and Related Issues of Computer Ethics. (Author abstract). † Ethics and Information Technology 6. 4 (Dec 2004): 215(8). Academic OneFile. Gale. Albertus Magnus College. Dec. 2007 . Smiles, Robin V. â€Å"Technology's pros and cons. † Black Issues in Higher Education 21. 2 (March 11, 2004): 4(1). Academic OneFile. Gale. Albertus Magnus College. 5 Dec. 2007 http://find. galegroup. com/i tx/retrieve. do? contentSet=IAC-Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28KE%2CNone%2C11%29downloading%3AAnd%3AFQE%3D%28TX%2CNone%2C18%29downloading+music+%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&searchId=R2¤tPosition=41&userGroupName=27001&docId=A114697869&docType=IAC

How far is military force an effective instrument for the promotion of humanitarian values - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2398 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Recent years have seen an increase in military force being used as a tool for increasing the scope for humanitarian values within conflict zones. This paper assesses this trend, and uses a number of conflict case studies as a vehicle for evaluating this premise. In doing so, this paper considers that the Libyan intervention in 2011 offers a case study which argues that state led humanitarian intervention is borne out of a political, as opposed to a humanitarian, need. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How far is military force an effective instrument for the promotion of humanitarian values?" essay for you Create order This undermines the promotion of humanitarian values. The concept of military led humanitarian intervention can be found within a highly subjective area of academic and political thought. With regards to this, there are some commentators, such as Waxman (2013: n.p.) who consider that military led humanitarian intervention consists of   the use of military force to protect foreign populations from mass atrocities or gross human rights abuses whilst others, including Marjanovic (2012: n.p.) see this particular course of action as being a state using military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is ending human-rights violations being perpetrated by the state against which it is directed. With regards to this subjectivity there is a series of overlapping concepts that help to further the debate in this area. These overlapping areas can be found within a number of conceptual areas including war and conflict within which humani tarian values are negatively impacted by activities which impact upon non-combatants, these include human rights abuses.   Where humanitarian values are considered, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2013) holds a perspective which suggests that these comprise of aspiration in relation to humanity, neutrality, independence, and impartiality. In this regard, therefore, one can suggest that where military forces are deployed in order to promote or support humanitarian operations it is necessary that these forces act accordingly within the boundaries of these guiding principles. In their totality, therefore, it is arguable that there exists a number of factors which need to be present where a situation occurs that requires military led humanitarian assistance. With regards to any underpinning intervention that relates to issues covered within humanitarian interventions, Weiss (2012: 1) believes that it is possible that an underlying notion of a responsibilit y to protect is a dominating factor in contemporary geo-political thinking, however instead of this doctrinal approach being used across the globe Weiss (2012) believes that the global community tends to cherry-pick the various conflicts that it intervenes in, this is discussed elsewhere in this paper. That said, Minear Weiss (1995) had previously indicated that any military intervention that seeks to promote humanitarian values should incorporate a post war recovery planning and redevelopment programme. However recent decades, particularly since the end of the Cold War, has seen an increase in the numbers of military led humanitarian interventions that are related to activities undertaken to improve the human condition (Weiss, 2012: 1). This latter issue, concerning the human condition, suggests that there has been a genuine shift in the contemporary conflict environment. This shift is primarily based on the progression from conventional warfare to of asymmetric warfare which invo lves a number of non-state actors and combatants. This is a factor that has not been ignored by Weiss (2012). Here the suggestion that, today, only state led military interventions can promote humanitarian values has been promoted because non-state actors are not bound by regulations and international protocols regarding the dynamics and conduct of war. Indeed this particular perspective gains an increased level of support where the current post Cold War conflict environment is considered. For Pattison (2010) the years following the end of the Cold War have resulted in a vastly increased number of military operations that have been designed to support humanitarian values through intervention. These interventions have occurred in a plethora of collapsed or failed states and include, but are not limited to. post Gulf War (1991à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2003) Iraq, Bosnia Serbia (1995), The Balkans and Kosovo (1992-1999), East Timor (1999) Somalia (2002), Haiti (2004), and Libya (2011). The se interventions, for some, also include the post 9-11 eras intervention in to Afghanistan and latterly in Iraq (2003-2010) (Pattison, 2010). In this regards, Weiss (2012) believes that the underlying concept of humanitarian intervention has helped to increase the potential for international interventions into other states because of a need to increase the level of protection offered to non-combatants from conflict. However, the earlier indication of cherry picking conflicts offers for a greater insight into the nature of political discourses which take place at the United Nations (UN) Security Council with regards to these conflicts and where state led political aspirations are an overbearing factor in the intervention tools and choices made by states. Indeed one can argue that the current and ongoing conflict in Syria offers as a casing point particularly since all state actors which have intervened possess their own aspirations in shaping the future of that particular country (Ha aretz, 2014; Press TV, 2013; Ruthven, 2014; Time, 2015). In some respects, therefore, the issue of humanitarian intervention and its related values base is being abused in order that these political aspirations can be furthered (Dagher, 2014). This aspect, however, is a perpetual factor in the international arena, particularly where realist agendas are taken into consideration (Bayliss Smith, 2001). One area where international intervention has been encouraged is in relation to ethnic conflict. Kaldor (1998) recognises that the end of the Cold War resulted in an increase in the frequency of ethnically charged conflicts and that these types of conflict have been offered as a rationale for international humanitarian based interventions In respect of this, Kaldor (1998) argues that the changes that have taken place within conflict dynamics that has resulted in belligerent forces not being constrained by international regulations, including the Geneva Convention protocols, Laws of A rmed Conflict or relevant United Nations Charters (Kaldor, 1998) has led to humanitarian values being used as an excuse to further the political aspirations of a number of states. The result of this changed dynamic has perpetuated and has spread to a number of conflict zones around the world. However, it has led to an increase in the reliance upon conventional forces whose role has been to offer peace keeping and security services to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in support of their own operations. In this respect it is noted that Christoplos, Longley, and Slaymaker (2004) consider that the intervention strategies have also altered in recent years. Here, they note that   the underpinning intervention programmes now seek to promote humanitarian values and that this is evidenced by the creation of a tripartite doctrinal system which now utilises areas of national and personal rehabilitation; added to this are post war recovery programmes that are intended to help redeve lop both the state and social infrastructures; finally there is the central issue of relief programmes that seek to maintain the fabric of civil society during crisis periods. For Seybolt (2007) this perspective adds weight to any argument that promotes the possibility that military humanitarian interventions can assist NGOs in their duties via the provision of security provisions. However, it is also recognised that adding external military forces into a combat zone has can lead to further complications primarily because military operations possess a potential for using force when necessary (Davidson, 2012; Ministry of Defence, 2011). In promotion of a perspective which says that deployed military forces can utilise force is well grounded in military doctrines. For example the UK Ministry of Defence promotes a policy whereby The peacekeeper fulfils a mandate with the strategic consent of the main warring parties, allowing a degree of freedom to fulfil its task in an impartial ma nner, while a sustainable peace settlement is pursued. (Ministry of Defence, 2011: 1.1). This perspective suggests that it is possible for military personnel whose primary function is to assist NGOs as part of the promotion of humanitarian values is in fact a secondary consideration. Ultimately the use of military force within humanitarian interventions is a purely political choice that is intended to help reshape the political landscape of the affected region or state in the post conflict environment. With regards to the current Syrian conflict, one can argue that the divergent and conflicting political perspectives and aspirations is a factor which will undermine the potential for any real focus upon the promotion of humanitarian values. Indeed, it is also recognised that this eventuality does little to promote the principles of humanitarianism as argued by the likes of the ICRC (2013). In effect the possibility that military forces can conduct purely military operations, or war p hase fighting, during a humanitarian intervention undermines any utilitarian or altruistic claims made by the respective political powers. In its totality this suggests that the aforementioned issue of political realism is both present and ongoing.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Indeed such an argument can be backed up by a policy review of the recent and ongoing Afghan conflict. A review of UK doctrinal papers promotes this papers preference that military operations incorporate the possibility that war fighting, as well as security duties, is a contingent factor in the preparations for any military force. Stabilisation programmes in the Afghanistan intervention occurred in an environment where the UKs military had the consent of the host nation government but no other warring party (Afghanistan: Taliban 2001 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" present)..A military force may decide in such situations that the defeat of a specific enemy is essential to the success of the operation. (Ministry of Defence, 2011: 1.1). Essentially, therefore, in political terms it is feasible that political intentions can undermine any altruistic argument in relation to the deployment of military forces to carry out humanitarian operations. For some the recent humanitarian intervention into Libya is an example of this outcome. The recent UN backed military intervention in Libya was mandated via humanitarian intervention that was intended to provide relief and assistance (United Nations, 2011). The promotion of this intervention was supposed to further the seven values of humanitarian intervention, as promoted by the ICRC (2013) however one can argue that the resultant intervention was mainly politically motivated because there is sufficient evidence to indicate that Gaddafis regime had been a long time foe of those states which executed the intervention (USA, UK France) (Boulton, 2008). In promotion of their intervention, the USA UK, and France had argued that a failure to intervene would result in a hum anitarian crisis caused by the perpetuation of conflict. However, Kuperman (2011) argues that the resultant UN Resolution 1973 (United Nations, 2011) created conditions where the intervening military forces could operate beyond the realms of Resolution 1973. These included, for example, allowing the USA, UK, and France to conduct stabilisation operations so that the authority of the Gaddafi regime could be undermined, thereby helping to bring this conflict to a swift conclusion. In layman terms this meant military intervention via war fighting. With regards to this, Kuperman (2011) also argues that Libyan state functions were impacted, including the freezing of its financial and economic assets. It was also argued that the intervening forces of the USA, France and the UK oversaw the deployment of private military contractors whose role was to undertake anti Gaddafi operations thereby seeking to overthrow his regime (RT News, 2012). In effect, the usage of humanitarian justifications for military intervention in conflict can be defined in terms of the actions and justification of the states whose forces have been committed to operate in those areas and regions. In its totality, therefore, the usage of military force as an effective instrument for the promotion of humanitarian values is limited. These limitations can be found within the underlying political rationales that exist within states that are prepared to commit forces for these operations, particularly where these states have an interest in the realisation of a particular outcome. Whilst humanitarian led interventions have become a mainstay of the post Cold War climate, one can argue that the promotion of the seven humanitarian values that are promoted by the ICRC (2013) are undermined by the intervening forces because of their ability to both flout their mandate, as well as their ability to conduct war fighting operations under the guise of humanitarianism. In essence, therefore, one can argue that there are genuine limits to the ability of military forces to promote humanitarian values however these limitations are not factors which states consider when seeking to intervene in any conflict. Bibliography Bayliss, J., Smith, S., (2001), The Globalisation of World Politics. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Boulton, A., (2008), Memoirs of the Blair Administration: Tonys Ten Years, London: Simon Schuster. Christoplos, I., Longley, C. and Slaymaker, T., (2004), The Changing Roles of Agricultural Rehabilitation: Linking Relief, Development and Support to Rural Livelihoods, available at https://odi.org.uk/wpp/publications_pdfs/Agricultural_rehabilitation.pdf, (accessed on 17/10/15). Dagher, S., (2014), Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria, (online), available at https://online.wsj.com/articles/kurds-fight-islamic-state-to-claim-a-piece-of-syria-1415843557, (accessed on 17/10/15). 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