Policing the Web - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2217 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Tags: Police Essay Did you like this example? Policing the Web The police may give off an impression of being one of the figures best set to commission criminal law relating to cybercrime (be that as it may we ought to see, they are by no means, the primary figure so included). Policing has long been a topic of excitement inside criminology, and starting late, premium has stretched out to the examination of private policing, and of policing limits completed by diverse associations at close-by, national and overall levels. Inside criminology, the term policing are at present normally used to insinuate a general part or work and not essentially to the activities of cops alone. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Policing the Web" essay for you Create order While not especially lively to get included in policing cybercrime, both the police and other policing business settings regularly now have some staff dedicated to this sector, however apparently cybercrime remains a corner domain in the eyes of various police constrains and officers. The reasons behind this may consolidate that it doesnt adequately fit with officers contemplations of true police work; that it is oftentimes tolerably low à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" deceivability work; unlucky deficiency of financing; or that it obliges expert specialized skills.[1] Also, institutional legislative issues may control police uptake of innovation; remembering key individuals inside the police may push early gathering of certain new enhancements, this habitually happens against an institutional setting supporting late appropriation.[2] Perhaps the absolute most astounding refinement between policing the web and policing this present in all actuality the virtual world does not appear to fit being v iewed in a staggering same course as is standard in this present actuality: it is harder to comfort with your region accepting that you are vague, and may additionally neglect to captivate with police social qualities identifying with watches, police vicinity and captures. This may be to a lesser degree a wrongdoing aversion issue than it first appears to be, regardless, following there is little evidence that honest to goodness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" world policing watches have much effect on reducing wrongdoing rates; rather, they may be an indication of encouragement policing or security theatre.[3] In diverse parts of policing of cybercrime, then again, there seem, by all accounts, to be various roles the police can all the more normally play. One is surveillance (attained by prowling, screening Internet movement, and so forth). An alternate is the investigator part. It is around there that pro police units (alongside expert privately owned businesses) might appear to have the most characteristic case to ability. Undoubtedly, the refinement of the endeavours included may possibly lead master police units dynamically to enrol staff (officers or natives) with particular establishments. As Casey illustrates, extensive mind, and today additionally expert programming, may be needed in getting electronic confirmation.[4] There is currently an extensive assortment of law managing the suitability of this confirmation, however, as with real à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" world crime, police agents consciousness of the law of evidence is prone to differ extensively, and investigating officers might regularly decide to look for master lawful direction throughout an examination.[5] Jewkes contends that, such as policing of physical space has asked for a joined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" up methodology between people, private areas and the police, in the same path policing of the internet likewise requests for the same. The policing exercises of web today are conveyed by state police as well as by the people (e.g. gathering mediators), Internet service provider figuring and regulatory staff, PC security experts, state security administrations or privately owned businesses (e.g. in fiscal administrations or telecommunication areas).[6] Ultimately, it is worth acknowledging whether this policing is conceivable to automate in the years ahead! Neo-liberalism Approach Towards Internet Governance Current structures and techniques indicate a noteworthy unlucky deficiency of responsibility to an open approach methodology, supporting overwhelming worldwide methods basic to a fair and responsible IG administration. This makes worldwide IG frail and ineffectual, which is reflected in moderate advancement on issues including multi-lingualisation[7] and expanding the accessibility of internet protocol (IP) number assets. There is likewise basically no activity on other vital territories, for example, value in interconnection costs[8] or worldwide subsidizing exertions for extending the web, around others. In the end, IGF can only be considered as no more than a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“talk shopà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which is a multi-stakeholder which can only give policy dialogues and has no power to make binding policy recommendation. Critics contend that if the recommendations made by IGF are made to be binding then it will constraint the internet and will result in more government control . There are certain attempts made to impose greater restriction which are frustrated by status quoists who fear that there will be arbitrary and greater control of government over internet. The only procedural outcome of WSIS is that the IGF has no fixed funding from the member states of the UN; they rely only on the charity or doles provided by any country or organisations,[9] which ensures influence by any particular country and guarantees its independence and transparency. Neoliberalism has negative suggestions for the impartial dispersion of the web and following socio-investment improvement opportunities. For instance, IG consultations regularly build the objective for full benefit capability of the web to all as an issue of access to ICT foundation to be given by organizations, which disregards the goals to engage underestimated gatherings to proper the web and get dynamic co-makers, including its specialized and data construction modelling. Just making advances accessib le without comparable ventures in social techniques does not constitute genuine access nor can the needs of groups be held payment by business sector choices on business feasibility.[10] Investment must be for a methodology of cultural assimilation less of the adjustment of the group to web potential outcomes yet rather of the web to the needs of the group through its own particular pertinent improvement. Such investment, particularly in the connection of creating nations, is not conceivable without a solid part for people in general division and for groups. Markets are intrigued by fleeting benefits than support framework creation. Subsequently, markets are sufficient to ace vide access pushes a hegemonistic perspective of the web as an investment infra- structure and overlooks the webs part as a socio-cultural and political hall. The perspective likewise speaks to a perilous misrepresentation of the complex structural issues that avoid underestimated segments from the rising da ta social order. Issues, for example, the necessity for ace animated open arrangement or legislative part in setting up open foundation and catalyzing group possessed free focuses suffocate in vociferous contentions favoring business headed models to meet client needs.[11] Though maximum substance on the internet is non-commercial,[12] present IG dialogue and exercise emerge to implant society in the market.[13] Building the internet as a public good is important for advancement and equity perception. The fundamental plan of action of IG is likewise reflected in the ICTs for Development (ICTD) division and national e-governance necessities for sending ICTs for improvement. Current arrangement vacuums both at national and worldwide levels bring about depending on business sectors to store ICT infrastructure and mean the rejection of the individuals who cant pay. Indeed common social order performing artists in the IG coliseum who firmly help negative rights, for example, flexibili ty of interpretation and protection, offer little backing for positive rights that are distributive in nature and oblige governmental policy regarding minorities in society from the state and different performers. Assuming that then again, ICT is seen as fundamental socio-budgetary framework, the confirmed part of open arrangement and open financing (both from government and group activities) gets to be stronger. Maybe the most dangerous issue identifies with the qualification between users and non-users in deciding the stakes in IG. The profits harvested through access to data, administrations, correspondence and social connections extremely impediment the individuals who dont have admittance. Consequently, non-users additionally have a stake in the webs fair accessibility and comprise a piece of the web group that ought to have a voice in deciding its heading and outline. Be that as it may, IG has a tendency to valorise the singular web user and generally limits its origination of bottom up procedures to interest by such clients. Such procedures are further regulated through the production of an assembly that speaks to unique users at ICANN the At-Large Advisory Committee (ALAC), which is commonly neoliberal and refutes the part of the aggregate that is basic in creating connections. The lowest part up ALAC techniques overlook the base 85 per cent for every penny of the world populace that is not right now online! Scope of Internet Governance It is clear that the present administration introduces discriminating inquiries on the political and socio-budgetary meanings of the rising worldwide correspondences and data structural planning. In addition to, IG issues are actually inalienably fixed to definitional issues of the web. What the web is and who it does or ought to serve include a challenged territory, requiring strategy skeletons that can politically intervene contending cases. Rising goals for an improvement plan in IG prescribes that the IGF must accommodate unique diversions to set forward standards of IG impending from specialized as well as moral and political world sees. Inside the current administration, multi-stakeholderism as a political instrument for open strategy misses the point in placing IG inside worldwide equity precepts Multi- stakeholder interest may take into consideration the legislative issues of distinguishment not redistribution.[14] Furthermore, the tenets of the amusement dont benefit fo rms for comprehensiveness, particularly Southern civil order engagement. Indeed inside worldwide civil social order, a diligent asymmetry in the democratization of participation[15] implies that consideration of the limitless supporters past singular online clients is a basic issue. Minimized improvement points of view must penetrate the IG space to highlight the specific significance of open ventures in creating nations to manufacture a data social order. Numerous administrations of creating nations, eminently Brazil, see the IGF as a space as discriminating as the World Trade Organization or the World Intellectual Property Organization. Inside a moderately straightforward mapping, two different ways lie ahead. One is of an IG coliseum that is at its heart neoliberal, putting stock in a decreased part for the state restricted to supporting the private segment (through fitting deregulation), with underlying standards of competition and private ventures. In such a space, negligibl e dialogue around various stakeholders without accord looking for on substantive courses forward will just precede business as usual. The other way looks for certifiable open speculations and arrangements that will permit collective and non-aggressive endeavours in building a centre of foundation, gain access to and content (which might for instance be imagined in the making of a rich open space where data is accessible without any protected innovation limitations on use and offering), on the same plane as state funded schools or open health focuses. Whats more, it will additionally mean purposeful deliberations to help utilization and allotment of ICTs by bigger populaces, through understanding their developmental needs and permitting those needs to lead engineering configuration and arrangement. This is fundamental assuming that we are to look past the following billion[16] for true comprehensiveness by treating the web and its utilization as an open great. Snappier development advance on issues such- as multi- lingualisation of gtTLDs and determination of the web number depletion[17] is needed. At a worldwide level, there requirements to be distinguishment of centre as a significant supplement to rivalry and open financing as discriminating and key by private money. [1] Y Jewkes and M Yar, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Policing Cybercrimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in T Newburn (ed), Handbook of Policing, 2nd edn. [2] P Manning, The Technology of Policing (New York, New York University Press, 2008). [3] M Innes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Reinventing Tradition? Reassurance, Neighbourhood Security and Policingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [4] E Casey, Digital Evidence and Computer Crime, 2nd edn (New York, Academic Press, 2004). [5] S Mason, Electronic Evidence: Disclosure, Discovery and Admissibility (London, Butterworths, 2007). [6] M Yar, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Computer Crime Control as Industry: Virtual Insecurity and the Market for Private Policingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [7] The majority of people who are yet to connect to the internet neither speak English nor use the Roman script so forcing ASCII labels on the Domain Name System is an unjust imposition (https://www.cir- cleid.com/posts/intemationalizing the internet/). [8] The lack of internet backbone in many developing countries means that their access to the internet needs to be through developed world infrastruc- ture, adding to their access cost. [9] Funding is in part from ICANN and business entities like VeriSign and Siemens. [10] IT for Change research suggests that revenue models making long run investments in techno- social processes rather than short-term financial sustainability have succeeded in getting the community to appropriate the infrastructure on a sustainable basis. [11] Note the strong belief of the Global Alliance for Ids and Development on business models and business plans as the solution (ttp://www.un- gaid.org/en/ab0ut/ict) [12]https://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/14/38393115. pdf [13] Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944) [14] Paula Chakravartty, Who Speaks for the Governed? World. Summit on the Information Soceity, Civil Society and the Limits of Multi- stakeholderism, January 21, 2006, Economic Poli tical Weekly [15] FranÃÆ' §oise Massit-FollÃÆ' ©a, E-Groups, knowledge- building and Polities, French-German Workshop Berlin, April 27-28, 2007; https://www.voxinter- net.org/spip. php?articleio2lang= [16] https://intgovforum.org/Rio_Meeting/LGF2-Ac- cess-13NOVo7.txt [17] Each internet computer/device needs to have a unique identifier, currently this is a 4-byte ad- dress used in Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).

Muslim Women Treated With Oppression Or Fairness. When

Muslim Women: Treated With Oppression or Fairness? When I mention Islam, I am discussing its way of life, a concept that encompasses every aspect of one’s life from beginning to end. Islam, the newest and second largest faith, influences many parts of this earth as we discussed in class. Originating in the Arabian Desert, the religion is based on one book, The Holy Quran, the final word of Allah. Prophet Muhammed, in Islam, was the last messenger of God. His life is one that Muslims should follow, which is called the Sunnah. The Holy Quran, outlines every Muslim s life. This outline, provides guidance from whom to marry to how to mourn a loved one’s death. The Holy Quran dictates a religion based on unsurpassed knowledge, fairness, and†¦show more content†¦The western influenced media portrays women’s dress to be outdated and oppressive. Many of us have seen movies, documentaries, etcetera, in which Muslim women are portrayed as wearing black gowns to the ground, full facial, excluding eyes, head and han d covering. This practice is more a cultural ritual than religious act. The Holy Quran explains that women must dress modestly, â€Å"And tell the believing women to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts, etc.) and not to show off their adornment except only that which is apparent (like palms of hands or one eye or both eyes for necessity to see the way, or outer dress like veil, gloves, head-cover, apron, etc.), and to draw their veils all over Juyubihinna (i.e. their bodies, faces, necks and bosoms, etc.) and not to reveal their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband s fathers, their sons, their husband s sons, their brothers or their brother s sons, or their sister s sons, or their (Muslim) women (i.e. their sisters in Islam), or the (female) slaves whom their right hands possess, or old male servants who lack vigor, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex. And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. And all of you beg Allah to forgive you all, O believers, that you may be successful† (24:31). This passage prescribes clearly why women wear the appointed coverings. It’sShow MoreRelatedIslam, Heavenly Admission, A Monotheistic Religion Of Spiritual1990 Words   |  8 Pagessocial fairness. Open to all races and all peoples without distinction, to men and women all countries and all ages, whatever the degree of their knowledge and the rank of their fortune. It implies faith in a unique and absolute God and the mission of His Messenger, Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) which he chose for transmitting its message (Qur’an). It is the reason why, Leila Ahmed in her book â€Å"WOMEN AND GENDER IN ISLAM† argues that the oppressive practices to which women in theRead MoreDiscrimination : An Understanding Of The Term Discrimination2086 Words   |  9 Pagesorder to understand what theories best explain the process of discrimination it is important to have an understanding of the term discrimination. The research shows that discrimination occurs when you are treated less favourably than another person. Thompson suggests (2006, pg13) discrimination is when: ‘A person or group suffer a detriment because they are identified as different in terms of gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual identity and so on’. It could be said that Thompson is aware of theRead MoreShowing a Different Facet of Saudi Arabia in Rajaa Alsaneas Girls of Riyahd3322 Words   |  13 Pagesstylish girls from the ‘velvet class’ lead a modern life, they still oscillate between their desire for freedom and cultural patriarchal norms that they have internalised. Although Saudi Arabia is claimed to be ‘Islamic’, Islamic feminists argue that Muslim men wrongly interpret the Islamic traditions and Koran to uphold their misogynistic values. History of Saudi Arabia To be able to understand the prevailing situation in the Saudi system, it is essential to scrutinize different elements of SaudiRead MoreIntercultural Knowledge : Social Injustice, Privilege, Prejudice, And Discrimination1874 Words   |  8 Pages VUSM 280 Final Paper Erin Washington Viterbo University VUSM Final Paper Intercultural Knowledge Social injustice involves oppression, privilege, prejudice, and discrimination. Oppression occurs when social forces tend to hold people down and block their pursuit of a good life. (Hart, 2014a). According to Johnson, â€Å"Oppression results from the social relationship between privileged and oppressed categories, which makes it possible for individuals to vary in their personalRead MoreInjustice Anywhere3567 Words   |  15 Pagesinstitutions tend to instill a sense of stability, well-being, and satisfaction among society members, while perceived injustices can lead to dissatisfaction, rebellion, or revolution. Each of the different spheres expresses the principles of justice and fairness in its own way, resulting in different types and concepts of justice; distributive, procedural, retributive, and restorative. These types of justice have important implications for socio-economic, political, civil, and criminal justice at both theRead MoreEssay on The International Tribunal fo r the Former Yugoslavia3737 Words   |  15 PagesConventions and other international laws governing conflicts between nations. They were also breaches of international humanitarian law, as formulated at Nuremberg and elsewhere. When these tactics were employed by Bosnian Serb forces as part of the program of so-called ethnic cleansing directed against Bosnian Muslims and other non-Serbs, they also constituted genocide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Genocide Convention is specifically designed to cover crimes against groups, as opposed to crimes against humanityRead MoreAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 Pagescommunication skills are increasing as more and more businesses go global or international. They realize that there are barriers and limitations when entering a foreign territory. Without the help of intercultural communication they can unknowingly cause confusion and misunderstandings. For these intercultural businesses to breach the cultural barriers encountered when stepping into foreign grounds it is vital for them to fully understand the cultural differences that exist so as to prevent damaging businessRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by MichaelRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pagesjust add on to what your explaining as an intentional tort behavior or action. With this being a physical harm to another person this is not just a assault but also an poor moral judgement call on that person or persons within the health care or any. When coming to employees this should not be push under the rug but an annally workshop or professional class that all employees take to insure what intentioanl tort is and how to report it if is is taking place . | | | | | RE: Hello | Gina BillupsRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagestotalitarian governments and militant Islamic fundamentalist groups -Oppression, Starvation, and Pollution -Prolonged starvation, oppression, and environmental deterioration are all threats to national security -Analogous to Global Welfare as a goal of national security (see above) -Choosing Policies: What Should We Do? -Policies to improve national security should be treated with skepticism -Differences arise when considering the rationality, proportionality, necessity, and compatibility

Battered Womens Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Battered Womens Syndrome Essay In 1991, Governor William Weld modified parole regulations and permitted women to seek commutation if they could present evidence indicating they suffered from battered womens syndrome.A short while later, the Governor, citing spousal abuse as his impetus, released seven women convicted of killing their husbands, and the Great and General Court of Massachusetts enacted Mass. Gen. L. ch. 233 23E (1993), which permits the introduction of evidence of abuse in criminal trials. These decisive acts brought the issue of domestic abuse to the publics attention and left many Massachusetts residents, lawyers and judges struggling to define battered womens syndrome. In order to help these individuals define battered womens syndrome, the origins and development of the three primary theories of the syndrome and recommended treatments are outlined below.I. The Classical Theory of Battered Womens Syndrome and its OriginsThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), known in th e mental health field as the clinicians bible, does not recognize battered womens syndrome as a distinct mental disorder. In fact, Dr. Lenore Walker, the architect of the classical battered womens syndrome theory, notes the syndrome is not an illness, but a theory that draws upon the principles of learned helplessness to explain why some women are unable to leave their abusers. Therefore, the classical battered womens syndrome theory is best regarded as an offshoot of the theory of learned helplessness and not a mental illness that afflicts abused women. The theory of learned helplessness sought to account for the passive behavior subjects exhibited when placed in an uncontrollable environment. In the late 60s and early 70s, Martin Seligman, a famous researcher in the field of psychology, conducted a series of experiments in which dogs were placed in one of two types of cages. In the former cage, henceforth referred to as the shock cage, a bell would sound and the experimenters would electrify the entire floor seconds later, shocking the dog regardless of location. The latter cage, however, although similar in every other respect to the shock cage, contained a small area where the experimenters could administer no shock. Seligman observed that while the dogs in the latter cage learned to run to the nonelectrified area after a series of shocks, the dogs in the shock cage gave up trying to escape, even when placed in the latter cage and shown that escape was possible. Seligman theorized that the dogs initial experience in the uncontrol lable shock cage led them to believe that they could not control future events and was responsible for the observed disruptions in behavior and learning. Thus, according to the theory of learned helplessness, a subject placed in an uncontrollable environment will become passive and accept painful stimuli, even though escape is possible and apparent. In the late 1970s, Dr. Walker drew upon Seligmans research and incorporated it into her own theory, the battered womens syndrome, in an attempt to explain why battered women remain with their abusers. According to Dr. Walker, battered womens syndrome contains two distinct elements: a cycle of violence and symptoms of learned helplessness. The cycle of violence is composed of three phases: the tension building phase, active battering phase and calm loving respite phase. During the tension building phase, the victim is subjected to verbal abuse and minor battering incidents, such as slaps, pinches and psychological abuse. In this phase, the woman tries to pacify her batterer by using techniques that have worked previously. Typically, the woman showers her abuser with kindness or attempts to avoid him. However, the victims attempts to pacify her batter are often fruitless and only work to delay the inevitable acute battering incident. The tension building phase ends and the active battering phase begins when the verbal abuse and minor battering evolve into an acute battering incident. A release of the tensions built during phase one characterizes the active battering phase, which usually last for a period of two to twenty-four hours. The violence during this phase is unpredictable and inevitable, and statistics indicate that the risk of the batterer murdering his victim is at its greatest. The batterer places his victim in a constant state of fear, and she is unable to control her batterers violence by utilizing techniques that worked in the tension building phase. The victim, realizing her lack of control, attempts to mitigate the violence by becoming passive. After the active battering phase comes to a close, the cycle of violence enters the calm loving respite phase or honeymoon phase. During this phase, the batterer apologizes for his abusive behavior and promises that it will never happen again. The behavior exhibited by the batter in the calm loving respite phase closely resembles the behavior he exhibited when the couple first met and fell in love. The calm loving respite phase is the most psychologically victimizing phase because the batterer fools the victim, who is relieved that the abuse has ended, into believing that he has changed. However, inevitably, the batterer begins to verbally abuse his victim and the cycle of abuse begins anew. According to Dr. Walker, Seligmans theory of learned helplessness explains why women stay with their abusers and occurs in a victim after the cycle of violence repeats numerous times. As noted earlier, dogs who were placed in an environment where pain was unavoidable responded by becoming passive. Dr. Walker asserts that, in the domestic abuse ambit, sporadic brutality, perceptions of powerlessness, lack of financial resources and the superior strength of the batterer all combine to instill a feeling of helplessness in the victim. In other words, batterers condition women into believing that they are powerless to escape by subjecting them to a continuing pattern of uncontrollable violence and abuse. Dr. Walker, in applying the learned helplessness theory to battered women, changed societys perception of battered women by dispelling the myth that battered women like abuse and offering a logical and rationale explanation for why most stay with their abuser. As the classical theory of battered womens syndrome is based upon the psychological principles of conditioning, experts believe that behavior modification strategies are best suited for treating women suffering from the syndrome. A simple, yet effective, behavioral strategy consists of two stages. In the initial stage, the battered woman removes herself from the uncontrollable or shock cage environment and isolates herself from her abuser. Generally, professionals help the victim escape by using assertiveness training, modeling and recommending use of the court system. After the woman terminates the abusive relationship, professionals give the victim relapse prevention training to ensure that subsequent exposure to abusive behavior will not cause maladaptive behavior. Although this strategy is effective, the model offered by Dr. Walker suggests that battered women usually do not actively seek out help. Therefore, concerned agencies and individuals must be proactive and extremely sens itive to the needs and fears of victims. In sum, the classical battered womens syndrome is a theory that has its origins in the research of Martin Seligman. Women in a domestic abuse situation experience a cycle of violence with their abuser. The cycle is composed of three phases: the tension building phase, active battering phase and calm loving respite phase. A gradual increase in verbal abuse marks the tension building phase. When this abuse culminates into an acute battering episode, the relationship enters the active battering phase. Once the acute battering phase ends, usually within two to twenty-four hours, the parties enter the calm loving respite phase, in which the batterer expresses remorse and promises to change.After the cycle has played out several times, the victim begins to manifest symptoms of learned helplessness. Behavioral modification strategies offer an effective treatment for battered womens syndrome. However, Dr. Walkers model indicates that battered women may not seek the help that they need becaus e of feelings of helplessness. A Wedding Disaster EssayAs noted earlier, in order for a diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder to apply, the individual must have been exposed to a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death or injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of the person or others. The authors of the early theory of post traumatic stress disorder considered a traumatic event to be outside the range of human experience, such events included rape, torture, war, the Holocaust, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanos, airplane crashes and automobile accidents, and did not contemplate applying the diagnosis to battered women. The American Psychiatric Association loosened the traumatic event criteria in the DSM-IV, which replaced the DSM-III and DSM-IIIR. Presently, the traumatic event need only be markedly distressing to almost anyone. Therefore, battered women have little trouble meeting the DSM-IV traumatic event diagnostic requirement because mo st people would find the abuse battered women are subjected to markedly distressing. In addition to meeting the traumatic event diagnostic criteria, an individual must have symptoms from the intrusive recollection, avoidant/numbing and hyper arousal categories for a post traumatic stress disorder diagnosis to apply. The intrusive recollection category consists of symptoms that are distinct and easily identifiable. In individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, the traumatic event is a dominant psychological experience that evokes panic, terror, dread, grief or despair. Often, these feelings are manifested in daytime fantasies, traumatic nightmares and flashbacks. Additionally, stimuli that the individual associates with the traumatic event can evoke mental images, emotional responses and psychological reactions associated with the trauma. Examples of intrusive recollection symptoms a battered woman may suffer are fantasies of killing her batterer and flashbacks of battering incidents. The avoidant/numbing cluster consists of the emotional strategies in dividuals with post traumatic stress disorder use to reduce the likelihood that they will either expose themselves to traumatic stimuli, or if exposed, will minimize their psychological response. The DSM-IV divides the strategies into three categories: behavioral, cognitive and emotional. Behavioral strategies include avoiding situations where the stimuli are likely to be encountered. Dissociation and psychogenic amnesia are cognitive strategies by which individuals with post traumatic stress disorder cut off the conscious experience of trauma-based memories and feelings. Lastly, the individual may separate the cognitive aspects from the emotional aspects of psychological experience and perceive only the former. This type of psychic numbing serves as an emotional anesthesia that makes it extremely difficult for people with post traumatic stress disorder to participate in meaningful interpersonal relationships. Thus, a battered woman suffering from post traumatic stress disorder may avoid her batterer and repress trauma-based feelings and emotions. The hyper arousal category symptoms closely resemble those seen in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Although symptoms such as insomnia and irritability are generic anxiety symptoms, hyper vigilance and startle are unique to post traumatic stress disorder. The hyper vigilance symptom may become so intense in individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder that it appears as if they are paranoid. A careful reading of post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and diagnostic criteria indicates that Dr. Walkers classical theory of battered womens syndrome is contained within. For instance, both theories require that the victim be exposed to a traumatic event. In Dr. Walkers theory, she describes the traumatic event as a cycle of violence. The post traumatic stress disorder theory, on the other hand, only requires that the event be markedly distressing to almost everyone. Thus, the cycle of violence described by Dr. Walker is considered a traumatic stressor for the purposes of diagnosing post traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, like the classical theory of battered womens syndrome, the theory of post traumatic stress disorder recognizes that an individual may become helpless after exposure to a traumatic event. Although the post traumatic stress disorder theory seems to incorporate Dr. Walkers theory, it is more inclusive in that it recognizes that different individuals may ha ve different reactions to traumatic events and does not rely heavily on the theory of learned helplessness to explain why battered women stay with their abusers. There are several methods a professional can utilize to treat individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. The most successful treatments are those that they administer immediately after the traumatic event. Experts commonly call this type of treatment critical incident stress debriefing. Although this type of treatment is effective in halting the development of post traumatic stress disorder, the cyclical nature and gradual escalation of violence in domestic abuse situations make critical incident stress debriefing an unlikely therapy for battered women. The second type of treatment is administered after post traumatic stress disorder has developed and is less effective than critical incident stress debriefing. This type of treatment may consist of psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy and group therapy. The most effective post-manifestation treatment for battered women is group therapy. In a group therapy session, battered women can discuss traumatic memories, post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and functional deficits with others who have had similar experiences. By discussing their experiences and symptoms, the women form a common bond and release repressed memories, feelings and emotions. To summarize, many experts regard battered womens syndrome as a subcategory of post traumatic stress disorder. The diagnostic criteria for post traumatic stress disorder include a history of exposure to a traumatic event and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms and hyper arousal symptoms. After exposure to a traumatic event, defined by the DSM-IV as one that is markedly distressing to almost everyone, an individual suffering from post traumatic stress disorder may suffer intrusive recollections, which consist of daytime fantasies, traumatic nightmares and flashbacks. The individual may also try to avoid stimuli that remind him/her of the traumatic event and/or develop symptoms associated with generic anxiety disorders. Critical incident stress debriefing, psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy and group therapy are all recognized as effective treatments for post traumatic stress disorder.IV. Conclus ionAlthough there are many different theories of battered womens syndrome, most are all variations or hybrids of the three main theories outlined above. A sound understanding of Dr. Walkers classical battered womens syndrome theory, Gondolf and Fishers survivor theory of battered womens syndrome and the post traumatic stress disorder theory, will permit the reader to identify the origins and essential elements of these various hybrids and provide them with a better understanding of the plight of the battered woman. Given the prevalence of domestic abuse in our society, it is important to realize that the battered woman does not like abuse or is responsible for her victimization. The three theories discussed above all offer rationale explanations for why a battered women often stays with her abuser and explore the psychological harm caused by abuse while discounting the popular perception that battered women must enjoy the abuse. Words/ Pages : 3,975 / 24

What is the theme for Black history month 2017 Essays

What is the theme for Black history month 2017 ? The theme is a disaster in Black education or a "A crisis in Black Education. This topic is especially important today for a variety of reasons. Lately listening to the disagreements surrounding the latest hearings and authentication of the Secretary of Education Betsy Davis, it's no overemphasis to say this consolation by President Trump has sparked monumental anxiety regarding the fate of public schools for the minorities and the poor. The association for the study of African American life an history made it clear that the conflict of educational inequality has a protracted history in America. During the days of slavery, state laws reckon it illegal to teach slaves to read and write. In northern states where freedom was band , black children could not get an equal education. 1833 a white women educator of a school In Connecticut found her school burned down to the ground because it was dedicated to black women. The problem of inequality is paramount to the history of black education. In the public schools of the southern states as well as in the northern states, radical inequality has been a target of civil rights prosecution throughout the 20 th century. These problems are widespread and diverse in nature. We all should believe that to refuse to acknowledge the education as black people as a crisis trivializes the significance of the continuous efforts to confront and combat the problems. The theme for 2017 focuses on the very important role of education in the history of African Americans. ASALH's founder Carter G. Woodson once wrote that "if you teach the Negro that he has accomplished as much good as any other race he will aspire to equality and justice without reg ard to race." Woodson accepted that from racism they didn't want blacks to learn and that there were e ntanglements associated with the contradictions of entry to knowledge. H e called attention to the crisis that resulted from determinin g racial barriers to equal education. When was black history month started? Black history month was established by Dr.Carter G Woodson (1875-1950). He established association for the study of Negro life and history. He decided on choosing the second week of February for the celebration because it's distinct for the two men who greatly impacted the black American society. One of them were Frederick Douglas, a wise escapee from crucial slavery. On the other hand President Lincoln, who signed the emancipation proclamation which eliminated slavery in American confederate states. Because of this great achievement Dr.Woodson is considered the "the father of black history" What is the purpose of black history month? Black history month is a month to assimilate, privilege, and commemorate the accomplishments of black women and men throughout history. Woodson wants black Americans to see what they've become. Woodson wanted black Americans to be conscious about strong family value, work ethic, and decorum that was expressive of black Americans and their African ancestors. Black history month is visualized to expand new awareness . Biography Early Life Harriet was born to p arents who were slaves in Dorche ster County , Maryland. Her original name was Arminta Harriet Ross. Her mother was possession of Mary Pattison Bradess. Her biological father Ben Ross, was owned by Anthony Thompson who later married Mary Bradess. Minty was one of the individual out of the nine born to Rit and Ben between 1808-1832. Arminta birth isn't known but its widely suggested to say her birth took place between 1820 and 1825. Tubman's early life was full of deprivation. Harriet's brother Edward sold three of the sisters to different colonies, separating the family. The mother of Tubman set a strong example by not letting her family get divided any more than what it had been. Growing up Tubman was abused everyday along with her family as well. She had permanent childhood scars due to the harsh abuse. Every day before breakfast she was struck with a whip 5 times. Harriet's most critical injury occurred when she was going through the stage of puberty. She was sent on routes to the dry goods store for supplies. She unexpectedly ran into a man who